A New Space Enterprise Presentation to the Planetary Protection Subcommittee of the NAC

1. A New Space EnterprisePresentation to the Planetary Protection Subcommittee of the NAC Dr. Laurie Leshin Deputy Associate Administrator NASA Exploration Systems Mission Directorate August 5, 2010

2. The New Path for Human Space Exploration • The FY 2011 budget request challenges NASA to embark on a new human space exploration program that is sustainable and affordable • The budget balances investments in future human spaceflight systems with obtaining key knowledge about future destinations and demonstrating critical enabling technologies for human spaceflight and exploration, including: • Research & development of heavy-lift and propulsion engines and other key technologies • Technology development and demonstrations to reduce cost and prove required capabilities for future human exploration • Exploration precursor robotic missions to multiple destinations to cost- effectively scout human exploration targets and identify hazards and resources for future human exploration • Increased investment in Human Research to prepare for long journeys beyond Earth • Expanded efforts to develop U.S. commercial human spaceflight capabilities, making space travel more accessible and affordable • The FY2011 budget will continue the development of the human crew capsule, an Orion-derived vehicle that will serve as an emergency return vehicle from ISS, and will be part of the technological foundation for advanced spacecraft to be used in future deep space missions

3. Phased Development Strategy 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Phase I Build the Foundation Commercial Sector, Robotic Precursors, and Game-Changing Technology Development Phase II Systems Development Design and Development of Heavy-Lift and In-space capabilities Human Exploration Missions to Solar System Destinations Phase III Sustainable Exploration of the Solar System

4. What is the Strategy and Destination? • The future human spaceflight program will build through a steady sequence of achievements, from a set of crewed flights to test and prove systems required for exploration beyond Low-Earth orbit (LEO) early in the next decade, to a near-Earth object (NEO) mission in 2025, to missions to Mars’ environs by mid-2030s, followed by landing on Mars • This approach builds experience and capability through time, results in successive “firsts” (much like the Mercury and Gemini approach) and allows the human spaceflight systems to be developed serially rather than concurrently, making the endeavor affordable to the taxpayer • Although we cannot provide a date with certainty for the first human landing on Mars, we can identify essential capabilities needed for such a mission. These are reflected in the programs within this budget request. • They are capabilities that have been recommended consistently for over two decades in national level reports of committees addressing future human space exploration • They are the near-term steps NASA must take to create the new knowledge and capabilities required for humans to venture beyond LEO to stay

5. New Program Planning Underway • NASA has established initial plans for the programs announced in the FY2011 Budget Request • A “point of departure” has been established which will continue to be refined • Allows NASA to make informed decisions and establish program objectives and expectations • Provides a starting point for engagement with outside organizations (international, industry, academia, and other government agencies) • Determine capabilities needed and identify technology development and demonstration cost, schedule and associated risks • Enables high level integration across programs to develop full framework of future human exploration • Specific launch dates and missions are likely to change to reflect the addition of Emergency Rescue Vehicle, updated priorities, and new information from NASA’s space partners • These investments are being integrated into a long-term plan and decision framework by the Human Exploration Framework Team (HEFT)

6. ESMD Planned Programs and Projects12 Jul 2010 by Fiscal Year Human Research Biomed Tech Demo Radiation Risk Model Performance Health Tech Demo Biomed Tech Demo Radiation Risk Model Mars Medical Suite Demo Performance Health Suite Demo Research & Technology Development Enabling Technology Development Autonomous Precision Landing High Power Electric Propulsion System Human Exploration Telerobotics Fission Power Systems Technology Human Exploration Telerobotics Lunar Volatiles Heavy Lift/Propulsion Technology LOX/LH2 Precursor Engine Testing In-Space CH4 Thruster Demo LOX/RP Operational Engine Flagship Technology Demonstrations Solar Electric Propulsion Advanced ECLSS On ISS Aero-capture & EDL Cryostat Inflatable / AR&D Exploration Precursor Robotic Missions Flight Demonstrations NEO Lunar Lander NEO Mars Exploration Scout Missions xScout 2 xScout 3 xScout 4 xScout 5 NEO 3 Demos and 12 Operational Flights Continuing ISS Resupply Missions Commercial Cargo Space X 1 Demo and 8 Operational Flights LEO Access Orbital Missions Commercial Crew Demo Flights Emergency Rescue Vehicle Not Funded in This Baseline Supports Initiation of Systems in 2015 Timeframe For Human Exploration Beyond Low Earth Orbit For NASA Internal Use Only For NASA Internal Use Only 6 6 RED OUTLINE DESIGNATES USE OF ISS NASA PREDECISIONAL

7. Exploration Precursor Robotic Missions (xPRM)Top Level Objectives and Principles • To conduct precursor measurements/experiments* in support of human exploration: • Quantify the engineering boundary conditions associated with the environments of human exploration beyond LEO. • Indentify hazards (to ensure safety) • Identify resources (to facilitate sustainability, lower launch mass, and “living off the land”) • Provide knowledge to inform the selection of Human Exploration destinations • To provide a platform for technology flight demonstrations which support human exploration. • To coordinate with other NASA directorates. • Avoid overlap, identify complementary objectives, leverage dual-use opportunities • To foster competition in mission/payload/investigation selections. • To foster opportunities for international collaboration which benefit human exploration. • To foster participatory exploration opportunities *An HSF priority precursor measurement/experimentis a necessary component of any xPRM mission.

8. xPRM: Point of Departure Missions

9. xScout Program • Principal Investigator (PI)-led or small, common approach to reduce costs • Higher risk, more focused investigations • 18-24 mo cadence • Co-manifest with xPRP missions where practical • First launch 2014 • Stretch: Goal of 2013 launch readiness (requires dedicated launch) • Budgeting $100-$200 M per mission • Includes approx. $50M for access to space (e.g.: Dual-Payload Attachment Fitting, co-manifest or small Expendable Launch Vehicle) • Mission content: • Focused scope in support of HSF objectives: • Could be threshold measurements or existence-proof experiments • xScoutAOs written to complement xPRP portfolio with the goal of accomplishing common xPRM objectives

10. NASA’s Integrated Technology Programs • A portfolio of technology investments which will enable new approaches to NASA’s current mission set and allow the Agency to pursue entirely new missions of exploration and discovery. Space Technology Program Technology Push Developing technologies with broad applicability… Academia, Industry and Government ESMD Flagship Technology Demonstrations Office of the Chief Technologist Space Technology Program Disruptive Approaches Visions of The Future Portfolio Of Operational Capabilities for Exploration Game-Changing Technologies Crosscutting Capability Demos Advanced Technologies and System Concepts ESMD Enabling Technology Programs Requirements Flowdown Small Scale Demos Foundational Areas Testbeds and Small Scale Demonstrations Large Scale Capability Demonstrations Early-Stage Innovation Transformational R&D …to support mission-specific technology needs ESMD Mission Pull Increasing Technology Readiness

11. Enabling Technology Development & DemonstrationObjectives • Develop, mature, and test enabling technology for human exploration • Develop and demonstrate prototype systems to feed the Flagship, robotic precursor, and other missions of opportunity. • Develop long-range, critical technologies to provide the foundation for a broad set of future exploration capabilities. • Provide infusion path for promising, game-changing technologies developed by Space Technology Program. • Assess the feasibility of system and operational concepts resulting from architectural studies by building and testing proof-of-concept systems. • Develop exploration technologies that may also have terrestrial applications for clean energy and protecting the environment.

12. ETDD Program Structure Demo 1 (Flight) Lunar Volatiles Demo 2 (Ground) High-Power Electric Prop Demo 3 (Ground) Autonomous Precision Landing Demo 4 (ISS) Human Exploration Telerobotics Demo 5 (Ground) Fission Power Systems Future Demos • • • Demo Projects Advanced In-Space Propulsion Autonomous Systems & Avionics Cryogenic Propellant Storage & Transfer Entry, Descent, & Landing Technology EVA Technology Foundational Technology Domains High-Efficiency Space Power Systems Human-Robotic Systems In-Situ Resource Utilization Life Support & Habitation Systems Lightweight Spacecraft Materials & Structures

13. Flagship Technology Demonstrations (FTD) NASA’s Flagship Technology Demonstrations (FTD) would capitalize on the technology maturation and ground test bed activities from both within and external to NASA. FTD demonstrates “transformational capabilities” at the proper scale and performance regime necessary to affordably conduct future human exploration missions to select destinations in the inner solar system. Beginning in 2014, the first set of FTD missions would focus on: FTD-1 Launch: 2014 FTD-1, -2, -3 FTD-3 Launch: 2015 Advanced in-space propulsion • Automated Rendezvous & Docking AR&D • Inflatable ISS mission module, with • Closed-loop Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLS) FTD-4 Launch: 2016 FTD-2 Launch: 2015 • In-Space propellant transfer and storage • Aero-Assist Entry-Descent-Landing (AEDL)

14. Human Research Program 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 • Objectives • Reduce the highest risks to crew health and performance for space exploration missions • Conduct space biomedical research and technology development to provide risk mitigation • Enable development of human spaceflight medical standards for risks that are poorly understood • Develop and validate countermeasures or technologies that reduce spaceflight medical risks • Support the transition of mitigation or treatment strategies to spaceflight medical practice • Strategy • Address human health and performance risks endorsed by the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine • Evidence/Risk-based Program Architecture: Evidence → Risks → Gaps → Tasks → Deliverables • Leverage and collaborate with government agencies, International Partners and the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) • Use a competitive solicitation process and peer review to acquire high-quality research activities Human Research Performance Heath Tech Demo Biomed Tech Demo Radiation Risk Model Performance Heath Suite Demo Mars Medical Suite Demo Radiation Risk Model Biomed Tech Demo

15. Human Research Program Elements • Space Radiation • Human health effects, limiting factors for vehicle environments; computational shielding modeling; measurement and warning techs • Exploration Medical Capability • Medical care and crew health maintenance technologies (monitoring, diagnostic, treatment tools and techniques); medical data management; probabilistic risk assessment • Human Health Countermeasures • Integrated physiological, pharmacological and nutritional countermeasures suite; Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA) related physiology research • Behavioral Health & Performance • Behavioral health selection, assessment, and training capabilities; intervention and communication techniques to support exploration missions • Space Human Factors & Habitability • Anthropometry, display/control, usability, cognition, habitability, lighting, ergonomics; advanced food development; toxicological testing • ISS Medical Project • ISS integration & ops, including Human Research Facility Racks 1 & 2 • Program Science Management/NSBRI

16. HRP FY 2011 Overview • FY 2011 President’s Budget proposes a 42% increase above FY 2010 to $215M for FY 2011 • Augmentation Research and Technology Priorities • Biomedical Technologies with advanced medical care capabilities and bioinformatics and capable of being integrated into the ISS as a demonstration of remote medical suite appropriate for long-duration space missions • Innovative Biomedical Technologies to enable novel solutions to the problems of human spaceflight with potential Earth applications • Space Radiation Research to reduce the uncertainty of radiation risks to space explorers in the areas of carcinogenesis, central nervous system disease, degenerative tissue effects, and acute radiation syndromes (coordinate with Space Radiation Protection Project under ETDD) • Behavioral Health Research that enhances the portfolio related to behavioral factors and physiological implications of long-duration missions

17. Thoughts on Planetary Protection Issues • ESMD understands the importance of incorporating Planetary Protection requirements into new Programs early – such conversations have already begun • Objectives for NEO missions being considered at Workshop next week • New Programs provide near term opportunities to continue research related to Planetary Protection, including considering new modes of remote operation • Increased focus on NEOs/asteroids as targets necessitate new Planetary Protection considerations • Will need to work specific requirements as individual targets are considered and precursor missions planned • Human Mars surface exploration will continue to figure in future planning but is not subject of intense near-term discussions wrt Planetary Protection

18. ESMD: Blazing a Trail Into the Solar System • NASA’s human spaceflight program seeks to extend human presence throughout the solar system • The President's FY2011 Budget Request takes a new approach to this goal, focusing on capabilities that will allow us to reach multiple destinations, including the Moon, Asteroids, and Mars and its moons • The investments seek to create the new knowledge and capabilities required for humans to venture beyond low Earth orbit to stay • Approach expands alternatives available for human exploration, currently limited by lack of strategic investment in technology development over past decades www.nasa.gov/exploration