PMEL Atmospheric Chemistry Climate Air Quality

1. PMELAtmospheric ChemistryClimateAir Quality • The Scientists • History • Highlights of results • Near future plans

2. NOAA PMELTim Bates, Scientist, UW affiliate faculty Trish Quinn, Scientist Jim Johnson, Scientist Derek Coffman, Research TechnicianKristin Schulz, Research TechnicianDrew Hamilton, Research TechnicianUniversity of WashingtonDavid Covert, Research FacultyTad Anderson, Research FacultySarah Doherty, Research Scientist, IGAC executive officerYonghua Wu, Research associate Berko Sierau, Research associate Rob Elleman, PhD candidateRobert Charlson, ProfessorNOAA CMDL & Aeronomy, Boulder

3. JISAO/PMEL hosts the IGAC International Project Office Dr. Sarah Doherty, JISAO Scientist, IGAC Executive Officer www.igac.noaa.gov In Cooperation with the IAMAS Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution (CACGP) A Core Project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP)

4. Aerosols, Climate, Air Quality • Direct effect - scattering (absorbtion) of solar radiation with a net cooling effect on the Earth’s surface. • Indirect effect – alter cloud reflectivity, lifetime, extent, precipitation. • Transport and transformation of gas and condensed phase from sources to downwind regions.

5. HistoryCharlson,Lovelock,Andreae,Warren.1987 1987 – Charlson et al.

6. PMEL/JISAO Atmospheric Chemistry - Aerosol Field Projects (1992-2004)

7. Atmospheric Aerosols Brighten CloudsDurkee et al., 2001 Ship tracks off the west coast of the US. Higher particle concentrations at a fixed liquid water content result in more reflective clouds.

8. Atmospheric Aerosols Brighten CloudsSchwartz et al., 2002 Sulfate particle number concentration Blue-high Red- medium Green-Low

9. Sea salt dominates total and submicron aerosol mass in remote marine regions (ACE-1). (Quinn and Bates, 2005)

10. Sea salt dominates total and submicron aerosol light extinction in remote marine regions (ACE-1). (Quinn and Bates, 2005)

11. The ocean is a minor source of CO, CH4, and OCS to the atmosphere. • The remote oceans are a small source of ammonia to the atmosphere. However, ammonia is still the dominant gas-phase basic species in the remote marine atmosphere. • The ocean is the major natural source of sulfur to the atmosphere. Air-sea exchange of DMS is only a minor sink in the seawater sulfur cycle. • There is no direct connection between DMS emissions and particle number concentration in the overlying atmosphere. • Sea salt dominates sub- and supermicron aerosol mass and light extinction in the remote marine atmosphere. PMELAtmospheric ChemistryClimateAir Quality

12. IPCC: In order to understand how the Earth’s climate is changing, it is critical to quantify each mechanism that changes the balance of radiation coming into and going out of the Earth-atmosphere system.

14. MISR measure of AOD

15. Aerosol chemical composition is needed to attribute aerosols to sources Quinn & Bates, 2005

16. Air pollutants are transported intercontinentally affecting air quality and climate in regions far downwind

17. The aerosol optical depth measured off the East Coast of the U.S. was comparable in magnitude to that measured off the coasts of Asia (ACE-Asia) and Indian (INDOEX). Quinn & Bates, 2005

18. A large fraction of the submicron aerosol mass over the oceans in not sulfate. • Absorbing aerosols have a complex impact on radiative forcing at the surface. • Asian dust is relatively non-absorbing. • The NE U.S. plume can be of comparable magnitude to the Indian and Asian plumes in terms of aerosol mass, surface extinction, and aerosol optical depth. PMELAtmospheric ChemistryClimateAir Quality

19. Future Direction….

20. Mission Goal 2: Understand Climate Variability and Change to Enhance Society’s Ability to Plan and Respond • High-Level Outcome #2: Document and understand changes in climate forcings and feedbacks, thereby reducing uncertainty in climate projections • Mission Goal 3: Serve Society’s Needs for Weather and Water Information • High-Level Outcome #3: Establish National Air Quality Forecast Capability

21. Research Questions How do chemical transformation and physical transport processes affect the spatial distribution of aerosols in the marine boundary layer? What are the chemical, physical, and optical properties of atmospheric aerosol particles and how do these properties affect regional haze and aerosol direct and indirect radiative forcing of climate? How will the aerosol direct and indirect radiative forcing of climate change with changing regional air quality?

22. Improved chemical transport and radiative transfer models NASA, NCAR, NOAA, ONR, DOE Community Collaboration Strategy Satellite Observations Anderson, Charlson, Wu In-situ Measurements PMEL and UW

23. Obtaining a Global Aerosol Distribution Global satellite observations provide aerosol and geophysical data to refine and constrain chemical transport and radiative transfer models. MISR on Terra CALIPSO Aerosol Lidar in Space

24. 2008 Pacific transport 2006 Gulf Coast

25. RV over the years

26. PMELsampling inletdevelopment

27. PMEL, UW, JISAOAtmospheric ChemistryClimateAir Quality

28. Single Scattering Albedo o = scat /ext = s /(s + a) The highest mass fractions of EC and lowest SSA were observed off the Indian subcontinent. Quinn and Bates, 2005

29. Single Scattering Albedo Mean SSA observed during ACE Asia in air masses containing pollution and dust was 0.94 ± 0.03. Quinn and Bates, 2005