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Broadband Technologies and Applications: A Tutorial

Broadband Technologies and Applications: A Tutorial. Presentation by Dale N. Hatfield Adjunct Professor, University of Colorado at Boulder at the Wyoming Telecommunications Forum Casper, Wyoming June 29, 2006. Introduction. Purpose:

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Broadband Technologies and Applications: A Tutorial

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  1. Broadband Technologies andApplications: A Tutorial Presentation by Dale N. Hatfield Adjunct Professor, University of Colorado at Boulder at the Wyoming Telecommunications Forum Casper, Wyoming June 29, 2006

  2. Introduction • Purpose: • To provide non-engineers with an overview of major trends in telecommunications technology and to reflect briefly on the policy and regulatory implications of those trends

  3. Outline • The Digital Revolution • The Race for Broadband • The Wireless Revolution • The Role of the Internet, the Internet Protocols and “Intelligence at the Edge” • Convergence and Its Implications

  4. Analog Signal The Digital Revolution Intensity Time

  5. Digital Signal The Digital Revolution Intensity Time 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

  6. Analog and Digital Networks The Digital Revolution 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 Time Digital Network: voice, data, image and video information carried as a sequence of ones and zeros represented by pulses of current or light or radio waves

  7. Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Conversion The Digital Revolution Sequence of Numbers (Transmitted as a Sequence of Binary Numbers) Analog Signal Analog Signal 12.3 12.6 12.9 13.6 13.9 14.8 14.1 13.9 D/A A/D On and Off Pulses Representing Binary Numbers

  8. Why Digital? Analog Amplification vs. Digital Regeneration The Digital Revolution AMP AMP AMP OUTPUT INPUT Analog Amplification: Noise Accumulates Repeater Repeater Repeater INPUT Digital Regeneration: “Perfect” Signal is Regenerated

  9. Repeater The Digital Revolution • Why Digital? • Digital Regeneration -- Other Advantages (Examples): Ease of combining different kinds of signals (multiplexing) Rapid decline in costs and improvements in performance of digital devices (“chips”) Ease of encryption

  10. The Race for Broadband • What Is Bandwidth? • In simple terms, bandwidth is just a measure of how fast information can be transmitted • The larger the bandwidth, the more information that can be transmitted in a given amount of time • In the digital world, bandwidth is measured in bits per second • Analogous measures: vehicles per hour or gallons per minute

  11. The Race for Broadband • What Is Bandwidth? • To over simplify: • Voice requires only narrow bandwidths (narrowband) • Still images require wide bandwidths (wideband)* • Video requires broad bandwidths (broadband) *For transmission of the image in a reasonable amount of time

  12. Illustration of the Importance of Bandwidth The Race for Broadband Computer Monitor

  13. The Wireless Revolution • What Is Spectrum? • “Spectrum” is a conceptual tool used to organize and map a set of physical phenomena • Electric and magnetic fields produce (electromagnetic) waves that move through space at different frequencies • The set of all possible frequencies is called the “electromagnetic spectrum”

  14. The Wireless Revolution • What Is Spectrum? • The subset of frequencies between 3,000 Hz and 300 GHz is known as the “radio spectrum” • Note that radio waves do not require a medium per se, that is, radio waves can travel through a vacuum (e.g., outer space) Electromagnetic Spectrum

  15. A Radio Communications Link Antenna Antenna Transmission Line Transmission Line Transmitter Receiver Radio Waves The Wireless Revolution

  16. The Wireless Revolution • Relationship Between Frequency and Wavelength

  17. Characteristics of Different Frequencies Some Factors Vary with Frequency How fast the wave weakens with distance Size of efficient antennas Ability of the waves to penetrate buildings Ability of the waves to penetrate through trees and other vegetation Reflectivity of various objects to the waves The Wireless Revolution

  18. The Wireless Revolution • Modulation and Demodulation • Transmitter and Receiver – Basic Building Blocks MOD AMP DE- MOD AMP INFO OSC INFO Receiver Transmitter

  19. The Role of the Internet • Telephone Switching Laura Robbins and Maud Ware at telephone switchboard 1910 Source: bchs.kearney.net/ BTales_198302.htm

  20. The Role of the Internet • A Telephone Switchboard Plugs and Cords Jacks Wire Pairs = N = 8

  21. The Role of the Internet • A Simple Telephone Switch – Manual or Automatic Service Logic Mind of the Operator “Intelligence” (Service Layer) Memory Eyes, Ears, Limbs, Hands etc (Control Layer) Controller A B C Switch “Matrix” (Transport Layer Incoming Lines/Trunks D E F Switch “Matrix” A B C D E F Outgoing Lines Trunks

  22. The Role of the Internet Edge Edge Network • A Telephone Exchange Services Control Transport

  23. The Role of the Internet Edge Edge • A Telephone Network Network Interexchange, LD, or Toll Trunks Service Service Control Control Transport Transport Exchange One Exchange Two

  24. The Role of the Internet • The Telegraph and Message Switching Telegraph Key and Sounder Telegraph Relay Office Telegraph Key and Sounder Image from: www.jerry-howell.com/ Telegraph.html Telegraph Relay Office Image from: http://www.coloradoplains.com/otero/souvenir/page23.htm

  25. The Role of the Internet Telegram To: Joe Smith, Anytown From: Mary Jones, Sometown Text: Happy Birthday MMM • A Message Switch Telegram To: Joe Smith, Anytown From: Mary Jones, Sometown Text: Happy Birthday MMM Message Switch (Relay Office) Telegram To: Joe Smith, Anytown From: Mary Jones, Sometown Text: Happy Birthday MMM

  26. The Role of the Internet • A Packet of Information Header Text Text Trailer Address, Priority, User Information Error Detection Packet Number, etc. Code etc. (Redundant Bits)

  27. The Role of the Internet • A Packet Switch or Router Packet Switch or Router

  28. The Role of the Internet • A Packet Switched Network To/From Other Nodes Node Node Packet Switch or Router Packet Switch or Router

  29. Internet– A Packet Switched Network Using the Internet Protocol Suite The Role of the Internet • The Internet As a “Cloud”

  30. The Role of the Internet • A Note on Latency and Quality of Service (QoS) • In simple terms, latency just refers to delay • Latency is the amount of time it takes information (e.g., a packet) to travel from source to destination

  31. The Role of the Internet • In a packet switched network, latency is associated with congestion produced by the inability of packet switches to process packets fast enough and/or by the lack of adequate transmission capacity (bandwidth) between packet switches • In combination, latency and bandwidth define the speed and capacity of a network • Low latency is critical in voice communications and certain “real-time” data communications applications (e.g., interactive games)

  32. The Role of the Internet • Architecture of the Traditional Public Switched Telephone Network • Circuit switching • “Dumb” terminals with limited capabilities • “Intelligence” residing in switches, intelligent peripherals, service control points, etc. interior to the network • Services created inside the network

  33. The Role of the Internet • Architecture of Networks Based Upon the Internet Protocol (IP) • Packet switching • “Dumb” network • “Intelligent” terminals (e.g., PCs) with a rich set of capabilities • Services created in terminals/servers at the edge of the network

  34. The Role of the Internet • “Intelligence” at the “Edge” of the Network Server Server To Public Switched Telephone Network Gate- way Internet– A Packet Switched Network Using the Internet Protocol Suite Adapter PC/Client Server

  35. The Role of the Internet • Network Trends/Goals from a Technological Perspective: • All applications -- voice, data, image, video, multimedia -- conveyed on an all digital, packet-switched, broadband, low latency network or “platform” • A “network of networks” platform that uses common, open, non-proprietary standards and protocols (e.g., the Internet Protocol -- IP)

  36. The Role of the Internet • Network Trends/Goals from a Technological Perspective: (Cont’d) • Extension of this platform using wireless technology to allow users to communicate anyplace, anytime, in any mode or combination of modes.

  37. Integrated Network with Integrated Access The Role of the Internet Integrated End User Device (Voice, Data, Video, Multimedia) Customer Node Network Node IP Based Network Access Network: DSL, Cable Modem, Wireless (Cellular, Wi-Fi, etc), Satellite, Other Access Backbone Customer Premises Local/Regional

  38. Convergence • Traditional “Silos” of Service/Regulation Title II Wireline Telephony Title III Wireless Telephony Title III Broadcast Radio/TV Title VI Cable Television Common Carrier Bureau – Now the Wireline Competition Bureau Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Broadcast Bureau – Now Part of the Media Bureau Cab;e Television Bureau – Now Part of the Mass Media Bureau Note: Titles refer to the Communications Act of 1934 (as amended); Bureaus refer to organizational units within the FCC Sources: Newman, Whitt, Sicker, others

  39. Convergence • Converged Networks Services Applications Voice, data, still image, video (telephony, email, WWW, video, etc.) TCP/IP (The Internet Protocol Suite) Medium Cable, wireless (3G, WiFi, WiMax), DSL, FTTH, etc.

  40. Contact Information Dale N. Hatfield Adjunct Professor Interdisciplinary Telecommunications Program University of Colorado at Boulder Engineering Center - ECOT-311 Campus Box 530 Boulder, CO 80309-0530 Main Tel: +1 303-492-8916 Direct Dial: +1 303-492-6648 Fax: +1 303-492-1112 Email: dale.hatfield@ieee.org or hatfield@spot.colorado.edu

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