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Understanding Text and Image Representation in Systems Architecture

Explore common concepts of image and text representation in digital formats, video display technologies, manual input methods, and printer characteristics. Learn about optical input devices, audio I/O devices, fonts, and color generation techniques.

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Understanding Text and Image Representation in Systems Architecture

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  1. Chapter Goals • Describe common concepts of text and image representation and display including digital representation of grayscale and color, bitmaps, and image compression techniques • Describe the characteristics and implementation technology of video display devices • List and describe the three predominant manual input technologies Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  2. Chapter Goals (continued) • Understand printer characteristics and technology • Describe various types of optical input devices including mark sensors, bar code readers, scanners, and digital cameras • Identify the characteristics of audio I/O devices, and explain how they operate Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  3. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  4. Basic Print and Display Concepts • Share many features • Character representation methods • Measurement systems • Methods of generating color Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  5. Matrix-Oriented Image Composition • Display surfaces • Fonts • Color • Numeric pixel content Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  6. Display Surface • Commonly used: paper, cathode ray tubes, flat panel displays • Divided into rows and columns similar to a large matrix • Each cell (pixel) represents one simple component of an image • Resolution • Number of pixels displayed per linear measurement unit • Stated in dots per inch (dpi) Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  7. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  8. Fonts • Collection of characters of similar style and appearance • Usually measured in points (one seventy-second of an inch), which refers to height of characters Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  9. Color • RGB (additive colors) • Generates color by mixing red, green, and blue • CMY (subtractive colors) • Generates color using cyan (absence of red), magenta (absence of green), and yellow (absence of blue) • CMYK color • Four-dye scheme using a separate black dye (K) Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  10. Numeric Pixel Content • Bitmap • Stored set of numeric pixel descriptions • Monochrome display • Displays one of two colors • Requires only one bit per pixel • Grayscale display • Displays black, white, and shades of gray Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  11. Numeric Pixel Content • Palette • A table of colors • Number of bits used to represent each pixel determines table size • Dithering • Generates color approximations by placing small dots of different colors in an interlocking pattern • Half-toning (grayscale dithering) Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  12. Image Storage Requirements • Depends on number of bits that represent each pixel and on image height and width in pixels • Can be reduced with bitmap compression • Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) • Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) • Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) • All compression methods are lossy, resulting in some loss of image quality Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  13. Image Description Languages (IDL) • Address drawbacks of bitmaps (large size and device dependence) by storing images compactly • Can represent image components in several ways • Embedded fonts • Vectors, curves, and shapes • Embedded bitmaps Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  14. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  15. Adobe PostScript and Portable Document Format Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  16. Video Display • Character-oriented video display terminals (VDTs) • Video controllers • Video monitors Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  17. Character-Oriented VDTs • Integrated keyboard and video display surface • VDTs • Most common form of video display in 1970s and much of 1980s (until PCs) • Network computers or thin clients • New class of VDT in 1990s • Limited processing capabilities Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  18. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  19. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  20. Video Controller • Enables communication between computer system and monitor • Accepts commands and data transmitted via a bus from the CPU • Generates TV-style analog video signal, which is transmitted to the monitor • Refresh cycle and refresh rate; video RAM; dual porting; graphics accelerators Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  21. A video controller contains RAM, a microprocessor, and embedded software. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  22. Video Monitors • Separate from keyboards • Common types • Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) • Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) • Plasma displays Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  23. CRT • Enclosed vacuum tube; electron beam is focused toward front surface of the tube, which is coated in phosphor • Technology relatively old; has disadvantages • Physical size and weight • Power consumption Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  24. LCD • Contains matrix of liquid crystals sandwiched between two polarizing filter panels • Active and passive matrix displays • Manufactured with thin film transistor (TFT) technology • Compared with CRTs • Less contrast • Reduced size, weight, and power consumption • Higher cost Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  25. How an LCD works Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  26. Plasma Displays • Combine elements of CRT and LCD technology • Flat panel, active matrix devices • Actively generate colored light near surface of the display; good brightness and viewing • Require more power than LCDs, less than CRTs • Shortcomings • Limited operational lifetime • Larger pixel size reduces comparative image quality when viewed from short distances Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  27. Plasma displays have no backlight and no color filters; each pixel contains a gas that emits ultraviolet light when electricity is applied. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  28. Printers Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  29. Inkjet Printers • Most common printing technology • Prints with liquid ink placed directly onto paper • Uses mechanical movement or heat to force ink out of nozzle • Paper is drawn past moving print head • Resolution is up to 600 dpi Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  30. An inkjet printer has disposable print cartridges that contain ink reservoirs, a matrix of ink nozzles, and electrical wiring and contact points. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  31. Printer Communication • Impact printers • ASCII or Unicode characters • Inkjet and laser printers • Use pixels as fundamental output unit • Have relatively large buffers • IDLs are commonly used to improve printer performance Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  32. Laser printers operate with an electrical charge and the attraction of ink to that electrical charge. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  33. Plotters • Printers that generate line drawings on wide sheets or rolls of paper • Use inkjet technology • Ideal for blueprints and other engineering drawings • Also called large format printers Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  34. Manual Input Devices Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  35. Keyboards • Translate keystrokes directly into electrical signals • Generate bit stream outputs (scan code) with a keyboard controller • Can connect to computer in various ways(e.g., PS/2, USB, wireless) Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  36. Pointing Devices • Mouse • Trackball • Joystick • Input pads (e.g., digitizer tablet) • Infrared detector • Photosensor • Pressure-sensitive pad Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  37. Optical Input Devices • Detect light reflected off a printed surface or object into a photosensor • Categories • Mark and pattern sensors • Image capture devices Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  38. Mark Sensors and Bar-Code Scanners • Mark sensor • Scans for light or dark marks at specific locations on a page (e.g., standardized multiple-choice test) • Bar code scanner • Detects specific patterns of vertical bars of varying thickness and spacing • Typically used to track large numbers of inventory items Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  39. Advanced scanning technology can now read two-dimensional bard codes. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  40. Optical Scanners • Generate bitmap representations of printed images • Bright white light shines on the page; reflected light is detected by an array of photosensors • Optical character recognition (OCR) devices • Combine optical scanning technology with intelligent interpretation of bitmap content Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  41. Digital Cameras • Employ optical scanning technology to capture single or still images and store them as raw compressed bitmaps Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  42. Portable Data Capture Devices • Combine a keyboard, mark or bar-code scanner, and wireless communications to a wired base station or computer system • Provide rapid data capture (e.g., warehouse inventory control, package routing and tracking) Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  43. Audio I/O Devices • Sound: an analog waveform that can be sampled and stored as digital data • Various mathematical transformations convert complex sounds to a single numeric representation • Sampling and playback rely on analog-to-digital converters (ADC) and digital-to-analog converters (DAC) • Monophonic versus polyphonic Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  44. Purposes of Sound Generation and Recognition • General-purpose sound output (e.g., warnings) • General-purpose sound input (e.g., digital recording for voice email messages) • Voice command input • Speech recognition • Speech generation Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  45. Speech Recognition • Conceptually simple, but complicated by speaker variability, phoneme transitions and combinations, and real-time processing • Most current systems are speaker dependent • Digital signal processor (DSP) • Specialized to process continuous streams of audio or graphical data • Commonly embedded in audio and video hardware Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  46. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  47. Speech Generation • Audio response unit • Generates spoken messages based on textual input (e.g., automated call routing) • Speech synthesis • Stores individual phonemes within the system • General-purpose audio hardware (sound card, multimedia controller) Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  48. General-Purpose Audio Hardware • Typically packaged as an expansion card that connects to the system bus of a workstation • Sound cards include an ADC, DAC, low-power amplifier, and connectors (jacks) for microphone, speaker, or headphone • Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) • Compact storage format Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  49. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

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