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Getting from DNA to proteins

Getting from DNA to proteins. CB 5.26. Information flow in cells. Protein. The relationship between DNA and genes. a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein. promoter. coding region. terminator. non-gene DNA. Five Perspectives about Genes: Genes act as units of heredity

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Getting from DNA to proteins

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  1. Getting from DNA to proteins

  2. CB 5.26 Information flow in cells Protein

  3. The relationship between DNA and genes a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein promoter coding region terminator non-gene DNA

  4. Five Perspectives about Genes: • Genes act as units of heredity • Genes are seen as a cause of disease • Genes code for proteins • Genes act as switches, controlling development • Genes are replicators (selfish gene)

  5. Genes act as units of heredity…storing and passing on information. CB 14.15

  6. Genes act as units of heredity… storing and passing on information.

  7. Genes are seen as a cause of disease Mutations in the gene GPR143 lead to one form of albinism (http://www.albinism.org/publications/what_is_albinism.html)

  8. Genes are seen as a cause of disease

  9. CB 5.26 Genes code for proteins Protein

  10. Genes code for proteins… Proteins are the “doers” of the cell. They act as: • Enzymes • Structural Support • Transporters • Signals

  11. Genes act as switches, controlling development

  12. Genes act as switches, controlling development

  13. CB 21.7 Genes are replicators (selfish gene)

  14. CB 19.4 Viruses infect living cells, take over, and produce more virus.

  15. Bodies are vessels for the transmission of genes

  16. The relationship between DNA and genes a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein promoter coding region terminator non-gene DNA

  17. Five Perspectives about Genes: • Genes act as units of heredity • Genes are seen as a cause of disease • Genes code for proteins • Genes act as switches, controlling development • Genes are replicators (selfish gene)

  18. CB 5.26 Genes code for proteins Protein

  19. Chains of DNA nucleotides store information:

  20. CB 16.7 In cells, DNA is a double-stranded helix

  21. 20 amino acids in proteins 4 nucleotides in DNA ?

  22. How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids? If Ratio (nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations 1:1 41 = 4

  23. How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids? If Ratio (nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations 1:1 41 = 4 2:1 42 = 16

  24. How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids? If Ratio (nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations 1:1 41 = 4 2:1 42 = 16 3:1 43 = 64

  25. CB 17.4 Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.

  26. How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids? If Ratio (nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations 1:1 41 = 4 2:1 42 = 16 3:1 43 = 64 There are more possible combinations of nucleotides than amino acids: redundancy

  27. CB 17.5 the Genetic Code

  28. Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a single nucleotide change in the hemoglobin gene CB5.22

  29. Changes in DNA can change the protein

  30. CB 17.4 Changing the number of nucleotides in a gene is more dramatic than changing a nucleotide

  31. The fat cat ate the rat. change one letter The zat cat ate the rat.

  32. The fat cat ate the rat. change one letter The zat cat ate the rat. delete one letter The atc ata tet her at.

  33. CB 17.4 Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein. What does RNA do?

  34. CB 5.26 RNA moves the information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where the protein is made? Both proteins and RNA are involved in the processes Protein

  35. Differences between DNA and RNA

  36. CB 17.4 DNA is long and contains many genes; RNA is short and represents one gene.

  37. CB 19.14 Only a small percent of DNA codes for proteins

  38. In humans: Each cell contains ~6 billion nucleotides of DNA. This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide. DNA Composition:

  39. Length of human DNA in each cell The length of DNA in each of your cells is longer than you are tall. Width of DNA

  40. In humans: Each cell contains ~6 billion base pairs of DNA. This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide. ~1.5% directly codes for amino acids ~25% is genes In a single human cell only about 5-10% of genes are expressed at a time. DNA Composition:

  41. Fig 5.26 Information flow in cells Protein

  42. Fig 13.5 As organisms reproduce the DNA is passed on to the next generations.

  43. Fig 12.6 Mitosis

  44. DNA replication precedes cell division Fig 12.6

  45. Fig 5.27 DNA nucleotides come in pairs

  46. Complementary base pairs suggest how DNA replication occurs Fig 16.9

  47. When DNA is replicated, mutations occur.

  48. Fig 13.5 DNA must be replicated before it can be passed on. How it is passed on and how it gets modified impacts evolution.

  49. Fig 17.22 Mutations: Sickle-cell anemia

  50. Correlation of malaria and sickle-cell anemia Fig23.17

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