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The Progressive Era, 1880-1920

The Progressive Era, 1880-1920. Chapter 22. The Progressive Era, 1880-1920. Main points & Issues. Origins of Progressivism Characteristics and Beliefs Moderate Responses to Extremes in America Major Trends and Examples Successes and Legacies. Origins of Progressivism.

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The Progressive Era, 1880-1920

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  1. The Progressive Era, 1880-1920 Chapter 22

  2. The Progressive Era, 1880-1920

  3. Main points & Issues • Origins of Progressivism • Characteristics and Beliefs • Moderate Responses to Extremes in America • Major Trends and Examples • Successes and Legacies

  4. Origins of Progressivism • Reaction to “extremes” of modern life • Capitalism & individualism • Urbanization & Industrialization • Labor conflict • Immigration • Environmental exploitation • Social “problems”

  5. Characteristics • Middle class morality • Moderation • Scientific • Order and stability • Active government • Collective responsibility

  6. Characteristics • Conservation of resources • Assimilation • Social Gospel • Professional • Organizations

  7. Economic Extremes • Corporate control of industry, resources • Rockefeller & Oil (1911) • Carnegie & U.S. Steel • “Big Four” railroads • Political influence • Anti-democratic

  8. Standard Oil, 1906

  9. The Other “Extreme” • Labor Unions • Strikes & protests • Knights of Labor • AFL • Populist Party • United Mine Workers • I.W.W.

  10. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire • 1911 New York City • Locked doors • 800 trapped • 146 women died • Female labor, bad working conditions, immigrant rights, shop floor laws

  11. Deaths from Fire

  12. Immigration& Progressivism • 9 million between 1900-1910 • The American Dream? • Tenements and sweatshops • Racial hierarchies • Ethnic enclaves • Southeastern Europe, Catholic, languages and customs

  13. Controlling Immigration • 1882: Immigration Act • Tax, “idiots, lunatics, convicts, and persons likely to become a public charge” • 1883: Chinese Exclusion Act • Immigration Act of 1891 • Polygamists, moral turpitude, diseases • Office of the Superintendent of Immigration • 1894: Immigration Restriction League • 1895: Bureau of Immigration • 1903: Moved to Department of Commerce & Labor • 1904: Made anti-Chinese laws permanent • 1906: Basic Naturalization Act

  14. 1917 Immigration Act • "all idiots, imbeciles, feeble-minded persons, epileptics, insane persons; persons who have had one or more attacks of insanity at any time previously; persons of constitutional psychopathic inferiority; persons with chronic alcoholism; paupers; professional beggars; vagrants; persons afflicted with tuberculosis in any form or with a loathsome or dangerous contagious disease; persons not comprehended within any of the foregoing excluded classes who are found to be and are certified by the examining surgeon as being mentally or physically defective, such physical defect being of a nature which may affect the ability of such alien to earn a living; persons who have been convicted of or admit having committed a felony or other crime or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude; polygamists, or persons who practice polygamy or believe in or advocate the practice of polygamy; anarchists, or persons who believe in or advocate the overthrow by force or violence of the Government of the United States"

  15. Asiatic Barred Zone, 1917

  16. El Paso in the Progressive Era • Using Ringside Seat to a Revolution, find three examples of events, issues, debates, controversies, people, etc., that are related to the themes of the Progressive Era • Explain why and how are they Progressive Era issues.

  17. El Paso in the Progressive Era • Housing, prostitution, poll taxes, drinking, inter-racial relationships • “Muckraker” journalism & photography • Revolution, 1910-1920s • Anti-Mexican fears • Radicalism • Defacto segregation & Segundo Barrio

  18. The Border, The Bridge and the Bath Riots • Control the border, orderly immigration • Immigration Law of 1917 • 1917 shut down the bridge • Mayor Tom Lea • Carmelita Torres • Delousing & the Bath Riots • Zyklon B • Dozens died in fire • Eugenics & scientific racism

  19. Progressivism in El Paso • Prohibition • 1918 18th Amend • 16 de Septiembre • Prostitution • Vice squads • Jazz & inter-racial nightclubs • Journalism, film & photography • Segregated Schools • Douglas & Aoy • Segundo Barrio & Chihuahuita • Destruction of Mexican adobe homes • Democratic Ring • Poll taxes • Censored newspapers

  20. Settlement Houses • Jane Addams • Hull House • Employment, health, education, language • Assimilation and Americanization • Best and worst of Progressivism

  21. Public Health and Cities • No clean water • Sewage systems • Tenements • Ventilation & fire codes • Zoning & regulation • Tuberculosis & disease

  22. Jacob Riis, Photographer • Police photographer • Photography and social justice • Muckraker

  23. Progressive Journalism • Corruption and social injustice • Raise the consciousness of America • Morality, democracy, Christianity • Muckrakers • Ida B. Wells and lynching • Ida Tarbell and Standard Oil • Upton Sinclair and The Jungle, 1906

  24. Progressivism & Eugenics • Produce superior races of people • Social Darwinism • No miscegenation • Anti-immigration • Control & organize races • Racial purity • “Intelligence” • Sterilization

  25. “Fitter families & better babies”

  26. Environmentalism • Exploitation • Natural Resources as public resources • Preserve & protect • Use but conserve • John Muir • Gifford Pinchot • National Parks

  27. Child Labor • No regulations • Few public schools • Cotton fields, factories and coal mines • People of color • Immigrants • Working class poor whites, southerners

  28. National Progressivism • Power of government to regulate national activities • Theodore Roosevelt • Trust-busting • Active Gov’t • Global Power • Conservation • Americanization • Eugenics

  29. WoodrowWilson • Southerner • New Jersey, Princeton • 1912 & 1916 • Child labor, FTC, farms, workers compensation, anti-monopoly • Reduce Regulation • Opposed women’s suffrage • Segregation

  30. Reform Legislation • 1906: Pure Food and Drug Act • 1913: 16th Amendment (Taxes) • 1913: 17th Amendment (Senators) • 1913: Harrison Act regulated narcotics • 1918: 18th Amendment (Prohibition) • 1920: 19th Amendment (Women’s voting)

  31. Racial Equality • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 1909 • Society for American Indians, 1911 • League of United Latin American Citizens, 1929 • Japanese American Citizens League, 1929

  32. Women Progressives • Organizations • WCTU • GFWC • WTUL • Feminists Alliance • Issues • Women’s rights • Poverty • Alcoholism • Child Labor • Public Education

  33. Women’s Suffrage

  34. Conclusions • Reaction to extremes of modern life • Middle class reform and regulation • Government activity in economy • A range of reform activities • Assimilation and progressivism • It had a wicked side to it…

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