Progressive Era 1890-1920

1. Chapter 32:Wilsonian Progressivism (1912-1916) Progressive Era 1890-1920

2. Presidents 1896-1920 William McKinley (R) 1897-1901 Theodore Roosevelt (R) 1901-1909 William Howard Taft (R) 1909-1913 Woodrow Wilson (D) 1913-1921

3. William Howard Taft1909-1913 • Republican from Ohio • Mild progressive • Personal and political friend of Roosevelt • Governor General of Philippines • Legal mind—not a natural politician • “Politics makes me sick.” • Bigger trust buster than TR • Ninety lawsuits against the trusts • Rift with Roosevelt split the Republican Party • Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

4. Taft/Regulation of the Trusts Break Up of Standard Oil 1911 Conservation

5. Break-up of Standard OilRule of reason • 1911 Standard Oil of New Jersey v. U.S. • Supreme Court • Declared Standard Oil • Combination in restraint of trade under the Sherman Act • Must dissolve into separate companies with different boards of directors • Handed down the • Rule of reason • Only those combinations that “unreasonably” restrain trade are illegal

6. Interstate Commerce Act 1887 • Prohibited rebates and pools • Required railroads to publish rates openly • Forbade unfair discrimination against shippers • Outlawed charging more for a short haul than a long one • Created the Interstate Commerce Commission • Administers and enforces the law

7. Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890 • Any contract, combination (trust or otherwise) in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states is illegal • Every person who shall monopolize or attempt to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several states shall be guilty of a misdemeanor • Gave federal courts jurisdiction over the crime of monopoly • First major attempt to regulate the trusts

8. Taft and Conservation • Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy 1910 • Secretary of the Interior, Richard Ballinger • Opened public lands in Wyoming and Montana to private development • Gifford Pinchot (Head of Forest Service Roosevelt hold-over) criticized the decision • Taft fired Pinchot • Result • Taft—Roosevelt split

9. Taft and Conservation • Bureau of the Mines • Controlled mineral resources • Rescued millions of acres of western coal lands from exploitation • Protected water power sites from private development

10. Irrigation and Conservation in the West 1917

12. Kids at Work LEWIS HINE Photojournalist Crusade Against Child Labor Boys Working in Georgia Cotton Mill: Spindle boys

13. Youthful Mining Crew: Grimy young men and boys pause in their work at the Pennsylvania Coal Company's mine in South Pittston. Many of these boys are no more than ten years old, some even younger.

15. Boys Working at PennsylvaniaCoal Mine rest during the noon hour.

16. Breaker Boys, 1900: Grimy young boys pause in their work at a West Virginia coal mine. They are no more than twelve years old, most likely younger.

17. 11 year old Spinner: A moment’s glimpse of the outside world

19. St. Louis newsboy 1910

20. Young Newsboys at U.S. Capitol: Newsboys sell papers. Some of the boys are not more than 6 or 7 years old.

21. Cleaning shrimp for an oyster and shell fish cannery

23. Woman Carrying Bundle Of Clothes On Head 1912-New York City: Woman in tenement district carrying bundle of clothing to finish at home.

24. Lewis Hines’ Images • Chronicled Childhood Misery • Heeding calls for reform • Congress passed legislation restricting • Child labor in 1916 and 1918 • Supreme Court struck both down laws • Violated freedom of trade

25. Election of 1912 William Howard Taft Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson

26. Election of 1912

27. Election of 1912 Split in the Republican Party Teddy Roosevelt and William Howard Taft

28. Election of 1912 • Three way race • Split in the Republican Party • Taft (R) • Roosevelt (Progressive “Bull Moose” Party) • Woodrow Wilson (D) • 41% of vote—minority president • Minor party candidate • Eugene Debs (Socialist Party) GOP Divided by Bull Moose Equals Democratic Victory

29. Election of 1912

30. Election of 1912

31. Election of 1912

32. Wilson’s New Freedom Three Walls of Privilege Tariff Trusts Banks

33. Woodrow Wilson1913-1921 • Progressive Democrat • Born reformer • From New Jersey • (née Virginia) • President of Princeton University • Governor of New Jersey • Idealist, visionary, orator • New Freedom—“triple wall of privilege” • World War I • First president to leave U.S. while in office • Versailles Treaty • League of Nations

34. New Freedom • Assault on the • Three walls of privilege • Tariff • Trusts • Banks Woodrow Wilson

35. Tariff • Underwood-Simmons Tariff 1913 • Substantial reduction of rates on over 900 items • Created a graduated income tax • Modest tax on incomes over $ 3,000 • Based on the newly passed 16th Amendment • Results • One of the best balanced tariffs in history • By 1917 revenue from income tax went ahead of the tariff

36. Banking: Brief History • 1791–1811 First Bank of U.S. • Chartered by Congress for twenty years • Signed by Washington • Idea of Hamilton • 1811–1816 No central bank • 1816–1836 Second Bank of U.S. • Revived by Madison • Early renewal of charter became an issue • Jackson killed the bank • Charter was not renewed • 1837–1862 Free Banking Era • No formal central bank • 1862–1913 National Banking Act • System of national banks joined the system and could buy government bonds and issue sound paper currency • 1913-Present Federal Reserve System • Decentralized system • Regional banks

37. BankingPanic of 1907 • Panic 1907 • Runs on banks • Criminal indictments against speculators • Showed inelasticity of currency • Money reserves too heavily concentrated in New York City • Need for a decentralized banking system

38. BankingFederal Reserve Act1913 • Created a banking system along regional lines • Twelve districts • Each with its own Federal Reserve Bank • A bank for banks • Created the Federal Reserve Board • Appointed by president approved by Senate • New currency could be issued by the Federal Reserve as needed

39. Federal Reserve Districts

41. ResultsFederal Reserve Act • Greater elasticity into credit • Sounder distribution of banking facilities • Better safeguards against speculation • Most important piece of economic legislation between the Civil War and New Deal

42. TrustsFreedom from Monopoly • Clayton Anti-trust Act 1914 • Federal Trade Commission Act 1914

43. TrustsClayton Anti-trust Act 1914 • Clayton Anti-trust Act 1914 • Forbade practices that lessen competition and create price discrimination • Defined restraint of trade • Forbade interlocking directorates that are involved in monopoly • Exempted labor unions and agricultural organizations from anti-trust prosecution • Sanctioned strikes and peaceful picketing • Called the Magna Carta of Labor

44. TrustsFederal Trade Commission Act1914 • Empowered the president to appoint a • Federal Trade Commission to investigate businesses engaged in interstate commerce • FTC had authority to crush monopoly at the source—end • Unfair trade practices Mislabeling • Unlawful competition Adulteration • False advertising Bribery

45. Progressive Era Amendments • Sixteenth Amendment 1913 • Income tax • Seventeenth Amendment 1913 • Popular election of U.S. Senators • Eighteenth Amendment 1919 • Prohibition • Nineteenth Amendment 1920 • Woman Suffrage

46. Sixteenth Amendment 1913IncomeTax • “The Congress shall have the power to lay and collect taxes on incomes…”

47. Seventeenth Amendment 1913Direct Popular Election of U.S. Senators • “The Senate of the United States shall be…elected by the people thereof…”

48. Eighteenth Amendment 1919National Prohibition • “…Sale, manufacture or transportation of intoxicating liquors…is…prohibited”

49. Nineteenth Amendment 1920Woman Suffrage • “The right of citizens …to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.”

50. Woman Suffrage Before the Nineteenth Amendment