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China Zhong guo

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China Zhong guo

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    1. ?? China Zhong guo/ Jung Kuo Middle Kingdom

    2. Middle Kingdom Center of the Known Universe Economic Center Geographic Center Cultural Center Scientific Center Political Center

    3. Political Geography

    4. Demography Population: 1,319,175,332 Estimate Jan. 2007 Religion / Philosophy: Secular Communism Confucianism Buddhism Daoism Islam Christianity

    5. Clicker: 2 Points This is the question from the web page: What is the name of the likely mythological founder of Daoism? Confucious Han Feitze Laozi Mao Tzedong Tao Ming

    6. Clicker: 2 Points The name of China has a particular meaning. What does it mean? Great Dynasty Land of the Morning Calm Land of the Rising Sun Middle Kingdom Noble Nation

    7. Population Density

    8. Language Groups

    9. Agriculture

    10. Major Historical Achievements Great Wall Civil Service Bureaucracy Political theory and practice Theories of War and Peace Early Written Language Rich Literature Philosophy / Religion Daoism Buddhism Science and Technology Bronze Steele Printing Fireworks Rice Agriculture Noodles ETC..

    11. Language Pictographs Idiographs Monosyllabic Written: Concise Universal Spoken: Prolix Tonal Dialects

    12. Chronological History History VS Archeology Shang Dynasty: 1523-1027 BC (BCE) Writing system (1300 BC) Oracle bones Centralized government

    13. Clicker: 2 Points The Chinese writing system is best described as: A mixed system with phonetic and pictographic elements A phonetic writing system A system using pictographs and ideographs An outdated system that is no longer useful China doesnt have a distinctive writing system.

    14. Zhou Dynasty 1027-221 BC Early Zhou: 1027-771 BC Overthrow of the Shang What to do with the Shang Nobility??? -- the answer depends on culture

    15. Early Zhou: Mandate of Heaven ?? (Tienming) Tien rules fates of dynasties Tien willed fall of Shang Tien willed success of Zhou Floods, famines, natural disasters, and political upheaval demonstrate Tiens displeasure Justify revolt and revolution

    16. Ancient Chinese Concept of the Human Soul Po: Animal Soul (physical body) Dies, returns to earth Should be respected Hun: Spiritual Soul (spirit) Lives on in the location of its life Happy guardian spirit Unhappy malicious ghost Fate depends on memory and care by descendents

    17. Ancient Chinese Concept of the Human Soul Consequences: Reverence for ancestors Ceremonies Ancestor Veneration (worship?) Elaborate genealogical records Gentry tied to land

    18. Ancient Chinese Concept of the Human Soul Consequences continued: Little emigration Little voluntary migration Need to produce a son Tempers genocide after revolution Zhou do not destroy Shang nobility so they wont be haunted by their ancestors

    19. Social Science and Religion Rules for social science analysis of religion: Suspend judgment Try to understand what others believe Try to see HOW those beliefs motivate behaviors Dont ask if it is true or logical. Social science cant assess that. Avoid judgmental language: primitive, superstitious, stupid Understanding others beliefs need not threaten your own.

    20. Ancient Chinese Religious Beliefs and Practices Animism: All objects have spirits Spirits have human characteristics From Pocahontas: But I know every rock and tree and creature has a life, has a spirit, has a name.

    21. Ancient Chinese Religious Beliefs and Practices Shamanism: Animistic religion with a special mediator or Shaman to help make peace between the human world and the spirit world. Medicine man Mystic Witch doctor

    22. Early Zhou Tien as Patron Diety Mandate of Heaven as Justification No Priestly Class King intermediates between gods (esp. Tien) and human world If the gods are unhappy, it is the kings fault

    23. Transition to Later Zhou (Eastern Zhou) 771-221 BC Decay and corruption at the center Kings Favorite loved the Signal Fires The King who cried wolf 771 BC: transfer capital east to Luoyang

    24. Later Zhou Political Structure loosened Provinces have great autonomy Central Government weaker More flexibility for Innovation Creativity New philosophy

    25. Clicker: Pretest Which of the following religions/philosophies was NOT originally developed in China The Art of War Buddhism Confucianism Daoism Legalism

    26. Later Zhou and Philosophy Confucianism Kung Fu Zi (Confucius) 551-479 BC Taoism (Daoism) Laozi (Lao Tzu) 500s BC Art of War Sunzi (Sun Tsu) Philosophy of Love and Brotherhood Mozi (Mo Tzu) 470-391 BC Legalism, 300s BC Han Fei Zi, 200s BC

    27. Philosophical Advances Elsewhere Buddha 566- 480 BC Enters China @ meridian Plato 427-347 BC Socrates 469-399 BC Isaiah 700s BC Jeremiah 600s BC

    28. Clicker: Pretest Is Confucianism a Philosophy or a Religion? Philosophy Religion Both Neither I dont know

    29. Confucianism Confucius: a real, historical person Minor Official and Scholar in Lu Left no personal Record Known mostly through the Analects Set out to outline a system for: Good government Good family life Social Harmony

    30. Confucianism Religion or Philosophy? God?? Nature IS the divine After life? Probably, but not a focus. Order this life well and the next will care for itself What is a Good life? To live in harmony with true nature Requires that we understand true human nature

    31. Confucian Virtues (Note: a bit different from your notes) Ren: Humanity Li: Propriety, ritual decorum Yi: Uprightness, integrity Zhi: Knowledge Xin: Honesty Zhong: Loyalty, constancy Xiao: Filial Piety (especially later, neo-Confucianism having to do with family) Missing Virtue? Courage, Valor, Bravery

    32. Confucianism: Five Relationships King -- minister Father -- son Husband -- wife Older brother -- younger brother Friend -- friend

    33. Confucian Classic Literature FIVE CLASSICS Book of Changes: Yi Jing (Daoism) Book of History: Shu Jing (Documents) Book of Odes/Songs: Shi Jing Book of Ritual: Li Ji Spring and Autumn Annals: Chunqui FOUR BOOKS Great Learning: Da Xue Mean : Jung Yung (moderation) Analects: Confucian Sayings Mencius

    34. Confucianism Major Goal: Social and political harmony achieved through: Knowledge Correct exercise of the major virtues Correct application of the 5 relationships Proper organization of government both in the kingdom and the family Core Assumption: People can learn to behave well

    35. Clicker What do you think now???? Is Confucianism a Philosophy or a Religion? Philosophy Religion Both Neither I dont know

    36. Daoism Laozi (Lao Tzu) 500s BC Legendary, possibly mythilogical Monk, author of core text Generally depicted riding an ox Dao De Jing: core Daoist text The Way or the Way of Virtue Nature is the ultimate Harmony with nature is the highest virtue Nature is conceived differently from Confucianism

    37. Daoism Human goal is harmony with nature Meditation is key Principle of inaction can enlighten the soul Seek for emptiness Emphasizes harmony Self discipline Ties to martial arts and physical self-mastery

    38. Daoism Yin and Yang Symbol of natural duality All things have a dual nature Male-Female Light-Dark Good-Evil Heaven-Earth Hot-Cold Birth-Death Nothing is complete without its opposite Balance of the duality is the goal

    39. Geomancy Wind and Water Nature has its own energy flow which affects our environment Human lives and structures find harmony and increased success if arranged to compliment the natural flow of energy Fengshui

    40. Mozi (Mo Tzu) 470-391 BC Philosophy of Love and Brotherhood Love your neighbor Seek reconciliation as top priority Forgive his errors Peace and mutual respect are paramount War is simply brigandage on a large scale

    41. Sun Tsu Sunzi 5th century BC The Art of War Book of military strategy and philosophy Know your enemy, watch him and let him show you his weakness Still in common use today in military colleges

    42. Legalism (300s BC) Governing philosophy (similar to Machiavelli in Europe) Emphasized rule of law Laws must be strict and violations severely punished No individual rights Morality less important than stable power King/emperors power to be maintained with violence Strong totalitarian tendency Most famous proponent: Han Fei Zi (about233 BC) Adopted by the Chin Dynasty (221-206 BC)

    43. Buddhism Gautama Siddhartha 500 BC in India A prince of Warrior Caste Miraculous birth (pictured) Spoiled, pampered, indulged At 29, on excursion sees: sick man, lame man, decaying corpse, and ascetic monk Depressed by realization that suffering is inevitable and tries to discover a solution through ascetic life (self-deprivation, self-mortification) Nearly dies from excessive fasting, etc.

    44. Buddhism Abandons ascetic life and pursues instead the Middle Way Middle way is the balance between self-indulgence and self-mortification Path of moderation Sitting under a bodhi tree is struck with enlightenment

    45. Buddhism: Four Noble Truths To exist is to suffer Desire or craving is the cause of suffering To end suffering, one must extinguish desire

    46. Buddhism: 8-Fold Path Right Views Right intention Right speech Right action Right livelihood Right effort Right mindfulness Right concentration

    47. Buddhism: Nirvana Through enlightenment one can end desire and suffering Supreme liberation is called Nirvana Nirvana is the ending of desire and thereby the end of suffering Sometimes described as the state of not existing Nirvana is generally NOT considered a place like heaven, rather it is a state of enlightenment or non-existence

    48. Buddhism: core practices A correct life for Buddhists involves Meditation Kindness and love to others Bodhisattva vow to patiently assist others to find peace and enlightenment, no matter how difficult Avoiding injury to others human or animal Vegetarianism some sects Avoiding alcohol some sects Celibacy for monks some sects

    49. Buddhism: cannon scripture Tripitaka (3 baskets) Sutras sermons attributed to Buddha and recorded by followers Sastras later treatises by later monks and enlightened ones Vinyas monastic rules

    50. Buddhism: great division Therevada: (Hinayana) common in Southeast Asia: Thailand, etc. More contemplative Work out your own enlightenment through meditation. There is no help, youre on your own

    51. Buddhism: great division Mahayana: Common in China, Japan, Korea. Bodhisattvas: Enlightened souls who choose to stay and help out others In ways parallel to Saints in Catholicism Bodhisattvas can intervene and achieve miraculous things Mahayana followers need less meditation because they get more help from bodhisattvas Bodhisattvas have favorite causes like saints Some even oversee heaven-like places, the Western Paradise

    52. Later Zhous demise Disorder or loose government of Later Zhou devolves into Warring States Period Autonomous smaller regions emerge as largely independent nations Periodic war ensues One among the several emerges to establish a new, far more centralized dynasty Chin Dynasty emerges as the first Chinese Empire 221 BC

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