1. 014 Coral Reefs

2. Coral Reef Biology

3. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnideria Class Hydrozoa- hydroids Class Scyphozoa- jellies Class Cubozoa- box jellies Class Anthozoa- corals and anemones

4. The Cnidarian Life Cycle The Hydrozoan Life Cycle

5. Class HydrozoaHydrozoan Colony

6. Hydrozoan Colonies“Stinging Limu”

7. Fire Coral

8. By-the-Wind-SailorA Floating Colony of Polyps

9. Coloniality Man-of-WarPhylum Cnidaria

10. Close Up of a Portuguese Man-Of-War

11. Class Scyphozoa

12. Class CubozoaBox Jellies& Sea Wasps

13. Class Anthozoa Sea Anemones & Corals: true stony corals and octocorals

14. Sea Anemones

15. Sea Anemone Anatomy

16. Hermatypic corals: • possess zooxanthellae • are reef builders Light: Clear water Warm temperature: 18-32oC Low nutrients Low productivity in water • Ahermatypic corals: • no zooxanthellae • rely on tentacular feeding • can live in aphotic zone

17. Distribution of Coral Reef Communities

18. Hawaiian Coral Zonation 0 m High light levels Moderate wave energy 6 m Cauliflower coral (Pocillopora meandrina) Moderate light levels Occasional storm wave energy Lobe coral (Porites lobata) 13 m Low light levels Low wave energy Finger coral (Porites compressa) 25 m Very low light, Primarily downwelling No wave energy Plate coral (Porites rus)

19. “True” Stony Corals

20. “True” Stony Corals Hermatypic- reef building, zooxanthellae • Common species: • Acroporidae- table • Acroporidea- rice • Agariciidae- flat lobe, corregated • Faviidae- crust, ocellated • Fungiidae- humpback, mushroom • Pocilloporidae- lace, antler, cauliflower • Poritidae- finger, lobe, plate

21. Family Pocilloporidae Lace coral, antler coral, and cauliflower coral lace Pocillopora damicornis antler cauliflower Pocillopora eydouxi Pocillopora meaandrina

22. Family Acroporidae Table coral, rice coral and spreading coral rice coral Montipora patula Montipora flabellata table Acropora cytheria Montipora capitata

23. Family Poritidae Finger coral, lobe coral, Evermann’s coral, plate and pillar coral Porites evermanni Porites lobata Porites rus Porites compressa

24. Family Agariciidae flat lobe coral, corrugated coral corrugated Flat lobe Pavona duerdeni Pavona varians

25. Family Fungiidae Humpback coral, mushroom coral mushroom Fungia scutaria

26. Family Faviidae crust coral, ocellated coral Leptastrea bottae Cyphastrae ocellina Leptastrea purpurea

27. A Solitary Coral Polyp

28. Colonial Coral Polyps

29. Zooxanthellae in Gastrodermal Cells of Corals

30. Zooxanthellae:Symbiodinium microadriacticum

31. Ahermatypic Corals • Octocorals, wire corals, black corals, sea pens • Both hard and soft forms exist • non reef-building • no photosynthesis

32. Ahermatypic Corals

33. Heterotrophic Nutrition • General feeding modes: • predaceous carnivores capturing live prey • detritus feeding • absorption of dissolved organic matter from surrounding water

34. Nematocyst Discharge

35. Autotrophic Nutrition Photosynthesis 6H2O + 6CO2 + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2

36. Zooxanthellae in Coral Polyp

37. Benefits to the Algal Symbiont • Zooxanthellae gets a place to live • Receive chemical wastes from animal metabolism (CO2 & NH3). • Surrounding animal tissues can concentration substantial amounts of ultraviolet light absorbing compounds.

38. Benefits to the Coral Host • Higher rates of calcification (skeleton deposition). • Receive DOM & O2 • Removal of chemical wastes from animal metabolism (CO2 & NH3). • Receive chemicals that absorb damaging ultraviolet light (Micosporine-like amino acids (MAAs)).

39. Asexual Reproduction budding and fission accidental fragmentation nonaccidental fragmentation partial colony mortality polyp bail-out

40. Budding Polyp within calyx

41. Fission Polyp within calyx

42. Wave Damage AccidentalFragmentation

43. Nonaccidental Fragmentation Radial Division in Cycloseris fragilis

44. Nonaccidental Fragmentation anthocyathus Transverse Division in Fungia scutaria anthocaulus

45. Nonaccidental Fragmentation stalk regenerates new disk Transverse Division in Fungia scutaria

46. Partial Colony Mortality The Phoenix Effect in Porites compressa Cut surface of a broken finger showing living tissue beneath the surface of the skeleton P. Jokiel Normal colony next to a colony exposed to freshwater

47. Polyp Bail-Out D. Gulko

48. planula larvae zygote egg sperm Sexual Reproduction

49. Planula Larvae

50. Sexual Reproduction • Hermaphroditic vs gonochoric • Broadcast spawning vs brooding