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BONES

BONES. CHAPTER 7. BONE TISSUES. OSSEUS CARTILAGE DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD NERVOUS TISSUE. SKELETAL SYSTEM. ORGANS: BONES. FUNCTION. SUPPORT AND PROTECT MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE STORE INORGANIC SALTS (CALCIUM). BONE CLASSIFICATION. LONG BONES SHORT BONES

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BONES

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  1. BONES CHAPTER 7

  2. BONE TISSUES • OSSEUS • CARTILAGE • DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE • BLOOD • NERVOUS TISSUE

  3. SKELETAL SYSTEM • ORGANS: • BONES

  4. FUNCTION • SUPPORT AND PROTECT • MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS • HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE • STORE INORGANIC SALTS (CALCIUM)

  5. BONE CLASSIFICATION • LONG BONES • SHORT BONES • Cube like: width and length similar • FLAT BONES • IRREGUALR BONES • Variety • SESAMOID BONES • Round; Embeded in tendons

  6. BONE TYPES www.bing.com/images/search?q=short+bone+image&FORM=IGRE&qpvt=short+bone+image&adlt

  7. SESAMOID BONE http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=sesamoid+bone+image&FORM=IGRE6&adlt=strict#focal=9e6adf7fe

  8. BONE MARKINGS Every bump, groove, and hole has a name on your bones

  9. Bone Markings • Two types of bone markings: • Projections (aka processes) that grow out from the bone • Depressions(cavities) that indent the bone

  10. Joint Projections • 1) Condyle: Rounded articular projection Condyle

  11. Joint Projections • 2) Head: bony expansion on a narrow neck • 3) Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface

  12. Joint Projections • 4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone

  13. Ligament/Tendon Projections 1) Crest: Narrow ridge of bone (Line: smaller than a crest) 2) Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a condyle ULNA

  14. 3) Tubercle: Small rounded projection 4) Tuberosity: large rounded or roughened projection 5) Trochanter: very large, blunt projection (only on femur) Proximal Tibia

  15. 6) Spine: Sharp, pointed projection Thoracic Vertebrae

  16. DEPRESSIONS • Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass through. 1) Meatus: (me - A- tus) Canal or tube

  17. Depressions 2) Fossa: shallow basin 3) Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening

  18. Depressions 4) Sinus: Cavity within a bone; filled with air and lined with mucous membranes 5) Foramen: Round or oval opening Foramen Magnum

  19. Depressions 6) Sulcus, Groove or Furrow: a shallow depression

  20. Projections Condyle Head Facet Ramus Crest Epicondyle Tubercle Tuberosity Trochanter Spine Depressions Meatus Fossa Fissure Sinus Sulcus or Groove or Furrow Review:

  21. PREVIOUS SLIDES (8-20) FROM:bruin.eduhsd.k12.ca.us/Burghardt%20Pages/Anatomy/Skeletal%20PPt/BONE%20MARKINGS.ppt

  22. PARTS OF A LONG BONE http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=LONG+BONE+PARTS&qpvt=LONG+BONE+PARTS&FORM=Z7FD&adlt=strict#focal

  23. MICROSCOPIC BONE PARTS http://www.rienstraclinic.com/newsletter/2010/2010February.html

  24. BONE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT/OSTEOGENESIS • INTRAMEMBRANOUS BONES • WITHIN SHEET LIKE LAYERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE • ENDOCHONDRAL BONES • MASSES OF CARTILAGE REPLACED BY BONE TISSUE

  25. INTRAMEMBRANOUS BONES/INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION MEMBRANE-LIKE LAYERS OF UNDIFFERENTIATED CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH DENSE SUPPLY OF BLOOD VESSELS PROGENITOR CELLS ENLARGE AND DIFFERENTIATE INTO BONE FORMING CELLS: OSTEOBLASTS OSTEOBLASTS FORM BONY NMATRIX WHICH RESULTS IN SPONGY BONE SPONGY BONE MAY FORM COMPACT BONE LATER ONCE CELL IS COMPLETELY SUROUNDED BY BONY MATRIX (LACUNAE) IT IS A OSTEOCYTE PERIOSTEUM FORMS; COMPACT BONE FORMS OUTSIDE OF SPONGY BONE

  26. ENDOCHONDRAL BONE FORMATION/ ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION • MASS OF HYALINE CARTILAGE • CARTILAGE CELLS ENLARGE AND GROW • MATRIX BREAKS DOWN, CELLS DIE AND DEGENERATE • PERIOSTEUM FORMS • BLOOD VESSELS AND PARTIALLY DIFFERENTIATE CONNECTIVE • TISSUE CELLS INVADE • FORM OSTEOBLASTS WHICH FORM SPONGY BONE • COMPACT BONE FORMS UNDER PERIOSTEUM • BECOME OSTEOCYTES WHEN SURROUNDED BY BONY MATRIX

  27. OSSIFICATION CENTERS OF LONG BONES • PRIMARY CENTERS OF OSSIFICATION IN CENTER OF DIAPHYSIS • SECONDARY CENTERS OF OSSIFICATION IN EPIPHYSIS

  28. EPIPHYSEAL PLATE GROWTH 4 LAYERS OF CARTILAGINOUS CELLS ZONE OF RESTING CARTILAGE: NEAR END OF EPIPHYSIS; JUST RESTING CELLS ZONE OF PROLIFERATING CARTILAGE; YOUNG MITOTIC CELLS: LENGTHENS PLATE ZONE OF HYPERTROPHIC CARTILAGE: OLDER CELLS PUSHED OUT, START TO DIE, OSTEOBLASTS CALCIFIES MATRIX ZONE OF CALCIFIED CARTILAGE: DEAD CELLS & CALCIFIED MATRIX OSTEOCLASTS BREAK DOWN CALCIFIED MATRIX USING AND ACID TO DISSOLVE INORGANIC PORTIONS AND LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES TO DIGEST ORGANIC PORTIONS OSTEOBLASTS INVADE AND LAY DOWN BONY MATRIX LENGTHENS UNTIL COMPLETELY OSSIFIED OSTEOBLASTS ON AT PERIOSTEUM THICKEN BONE WHILE OSTEOCLASTS AT ENDOSTEUM FORMING MEDULLARY CAVITY WHICH FILLS WITH MARROW

  29. BONE TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS BONE REMODLEING: OSTEOBLASTS VS. OSTEOCLASTS OSTEOBLASTS FORM: DEPOSITION OSTEOCLASTS BREAK DOWN: RESORPTION 3%-5% EXCHANGED PER YEAR BUT USUALLY REMAINS CONSTANT

  30. FACTORS AFFECTING BONE GROWTH NUTRITION SUNLIGHT HORMONAL SECRETIONS PHYSICAL EXERCISE

  31. NUTRITION VITAMIN D: FOR PROPER ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM FROM EGGS AND FORTIFIED MILK, ETC. FROM DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL: CARRIED TO SKIN WHERE SUN CONVERTS IT TO VITAMIN D VITAMIN A: NEEDED BY OSTEOBLASTS AND OSTEOCLASTS DURING NORMAL ACTIVITY VITAMIN C: NEEDED FOR COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS; OSTEOBLASTS COULDN’T PRODUCE COLLAGEN

  32. HORMONAL SECRETIONS HORMONES FROM PITUITARY GLAND, THYROID GLAND, PARATHYROID GLANDS, AND OVARIES OR TESTES PITUITARY: GH: STIMULATES CARTILAGE CELLS OF EPIPHYSEAL PLATE TO DIVIDE PITUITARY DWARFISM; PITUITARY GIANTISM/ACROMEGALY THYROID: THYROXINE: STIMULATES REPLACEMENT OF CARTILAGE BY OSSEUS TISSUE STIMULATES OSTEOBLASTS ACTIVITY PARATHYROID: PTH: STIMULATES INCREASE IN NUMBER AND ACTIVITY OF OSTEOCLASTS OVARIES/TESTES: AT PUBERTY: ESTROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE: STIMULATE GROWTH OSSIFICATION OF EPIPHYSEAL PLATE; ESTROGEN IS STRONGER

  33. PHYSICAL STRESS MUSCLE PULLING ON BONE CAUSES STRESS WHICH CAUSES BONE TO GROW AND THICKEN

  34. FACTORS AFFECTING REPAIR OF BONE HOW WIDE GAP IS CASTS SCREWS, NAILS, WIRE, RODS HYBRID FIXATOR ARMS FASTER THAN LEGS; YOUNGER PEOPLE HEAL FASTER THAN OLDER

  35. FRACTURE REPAIR BREAK: BLODD VESSELS RUPTURE: HEMATOMA; INFLAMATION NEW BLOOD VESSELS DEVELOP FROM PERIOSTEUM OSTEOBLASTS MIGRATE IN AND DIVIDE OSTEOCLASTS REMOVE BONE FRAGMENTS AND DEBRIS FIBROCARTILAGE FILLS GAP: CARTILAGINOUS CALLUS CALLUS IS REPLACED BY BONE LIKE IN ENDOCHONDRAL BONE OSSIFICATION; OSTEOBLASTS FORM BONY CALLUS EXCESS BONE IS GENERALLY PRODUCED: REMOVED BY OSTEOCLASTS

  36. BONE FUNCTION SHAPE: http://www.bballone.com/keving/celtics/images/celtics2.jpg

  37. PROTECTION http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V13N30/TB_Ireland_Figure1.jpg

  38. MOVEMENT http://www.directoryofillustration.com/images/artistimages/featuredprojects/2189_18.jpg

  39. LEVERS http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/activities/images/27ms_sle2treb_levers.gif CHAPTER 9

  40. HEMATOPOIESIS • EMBRYO: • YOLK SAC • LATER: • LIVER AND SPLEEN • LATER: • BONE MARROW

  41. BONE MARROW • RED AND YELLOW • YELLOW • STORES FAT • RED • FORMS BLOOD CELLS (HEMOGLOBIN) • LOCATION: • INFANT: • MOST CAVITIES ARE RED • WITH AGE: • MOST REPLACED BY YELLOW • ADULT: • RED IN SPONGY BONE OF: • SKUILL, RIB, STERNUM, CLAVICLES, VERTEBRAE, PELVIC ******IF DEFICIENT SUPPLY SOME YELLOW CAN REVERT TO RED

  42. http://www.merriam-webster.com/art/med/hematopo.htm

  43. INORGANIC SALT STORAGE • 70% OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX BY WEIGHT • MOSTLY SMALL CRYSTALS OF HYDROXYAPATITE (CALCIUM PHOSPHATE) • CLACIUM NEEDED FOR: MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NERVE IMPULSE CONDUCTION; CLOTTING; MORE! • HOMEOSTASIS!!! • PTH vs. CALCITONIN (CHAPTER 13) ALSO STORES: MAGNESIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CARBONATE IONS ACCUMULATE TOXINS: LEAD, RADIUM, STRONTIUM,

  44. SKELETON • 206 BONES • EXTRA: WORMIAN, SESAMOID

  45. INFANTILE SKULL • FONTANELS: SOFT SPOTS • MOLDING • CLOSE STARTING AT 2 MONTHS UP TO 2 YEARS • MORE FLEXIBLE: LESS EASILY FRACTURED

  46. VERTEBRAL COLUMN • TYPES: BREAKFAST-LUNCH-SUPPER • CURVATURES: • PRIMARY: • AT BIRTH • THORACIC • SACRAL • SECONDARY • CERVICAL? • HOLDING HEAD UP AND SITTING • LUMBAR? • WALKING

  47. PELVIC GIRDLE • ILIUM • ISCHIUM • PUBIS

  48. LIFE SPAN CHANGES • DECREASE IN HEIGHT: • 30: 1/16 YEAR; COMPRESSION FRACTURES LATER; LOSS OF CALCIUM: • WEAKEN; BRITTLE; MORE FRACUTRES MORE OSTEOCLASTS: • MORE SPACES; THINNNER LESS PROTEIN: • MORE BRITTLE LOSS OF BONE MASS: 35

  49. LIFE SPAN CHANGES • SPONGY BONE AFFECTED FIRST (35) • VERTEBRAE, FEMUR; FRACTURES • COMPACT (40) • I/2 THE RATE OF SPONGY; GAPS BETWEEN OSTEONS • BONE LOSS • MEN: SLOW AND STEADY • WOMEN: HORMONE LOSS; AFTER MENOPAUSE: SPONGY LOSS 2-3X FASTER; COMPACT LOSS 3-4X FASTER • BY 70: FEMALES ½ THE BONE OF 20’S; MALES 1/3 LESS

  50. LIFE SPAN CHANGES • INCREASED FRACTURES • HEALING SLOWS, PAIN PERSISTS • PREVENTION: • DON’T FALL • CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS • VITAMIN D • AVOID CARBONATED DRINKS (PHOSPHATE) • EXERCISE

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