Single Pilot CRM…

1. …and Automation Management Single Pilot CRM…

2. Automation Surprises

3. Hans-Peter Schuele (H.-P.) • Grew up in the Swabian Alb region of Germany • Started soaring in 1977 • German Air Force (F-4 Phantom) • Graduate Fighter Weapons Instructor Course • Graduate USAF Advanced Instrument School • United Airlines (B727, A319/320) • Academic and Simulator Instructor (ENJJPT) • Responsible for Instrument Refresher Program • FAASTeam Member / CFII

4. What I will talk about • Pilot Toolbox • Flying vs. Managing • Small Distraction – Big Effect • Distraction and Spatial Disorientation • Risk Management / Mitigation

5. General GA Characteristics • Single Pilot • No Formal Training Program • Self taught on how to use equipment • No Company SOP • No go / no-go rules • No QA

6. Launch Decision… • Rests with the PIC • Based on: • Training • Law of Primacy • Previous Experience • Judgment • Confidence in ability to manage tasks • Perceived Proficiency

7. The things available to pilots… Pilot Toolbox

8. Pilot Toolbox • Internal • VOR/DME • GPS • HSI/MFD • ILS • TCAS • XM Weather • UHF/VHF Radio • External • ATC • Separation • Traffic Information • Weather Radar • Weather • HIWAS • Flight Watch / Service • ATIS …and

9. Your Brain • Contents • Aircraft Systems • Rules & Regulations • Formulas • Aircraft Configurations Pitch and Power setting • CRM skills • Prior experience • Ability to analyze performance

10. Your Brain • Contents • Aircraft Systems • Rules & Regulations • Formulas • Aircraft Configurations Pitch and Power setting • CRM skills • Prior experience • Ability to analyze performance

11. Flying vs. Managing Stick and Rudder Information Manager

12. Quotes • Local Pilot Talk: • “I just put one of those digital engine monitors in, it’s more important now than anything else, even the attitude indicator.” • Crew Communication: • What is this doing now? Is it supposed to do that? Look, it did it again!”

13. From Simulator Training • AND WHY WOULD THIS BE IMPORTANT? • Situation: • Engine fire during take off and subsequent engine shutdown. • The pilot is setting up for a single engine ILS approach. • Question: • “Sir, I cannot remember the threshold steer point for RWY 33C.”

14. Passing 500’ AGL, in IMC, the aircraft was in an unrecoverable attitude. Shortly after that, the screens went red and the pilot was caught by surprise, he was unaware of what had just happened. RIP From Simulator Training • Situation: • Pilot is executing a missed approach due to weather and has to divert. • Action: • While executing the missed approach the pilot diverts attention to setting up onboard avionics for the divert to the alternate airfield. • The aircraft enters a right bank and begins to descent.

15. Relied on Flight Director Pilot either forgot or was unaware of system limitations

16. Monkey Bars

17. Glass Cockpit Offers § 91.103 Preflight action. Each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning that flight. • On the Ground • Checklists • Various calculators • DA, take-off and landing performance • Airport information • Frequencies • Taxi diagrams • Decision making tools • In the Air • Positional awareness • Routing on MFD • Terrain awareness • Obstacles • Only the ones known • Tons of flight data info • Approach plates • Flight directors

18. Glass Cockpit Offers AND A LOT OF BUTTONS • On the Ground • Checklists • Various calculators • DA, take-off and landing performance • Airport information • Frequencies • Taxi diagrams • Decision making tools • In the Air • Positional awareness • Routing on MFD • Terrain awareness • Obstacles • Only the ones known • Tons of flight data info • Approach plates • Flight directors § 91.103 Preflight action. Each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning that flight.

19. How messing with these things can mess you up Small Distraction – Big Effect

20. The 5 Ps Prior Planning Prevents Poor Performance

21. Distractions and Spatial Disorientation (SD)

22. SD Factors • Distraction • Time • Illusion

23. Distraction • Demonstration part one • Read words left to right

24. REDGREENBLUERED GREENBLUEREDGREEN BLUEREDGREENGREEN BLUEGREENREDBLUE GREENBLUEGREENRED REDBLUEREDRED BLUEREDBLUEGREEN BLUEGREENREDGREEN REDGREENBLUERED

25. Distraction • Now… • Tell me the color of the words (left to right again), not what the words say

26. REDGREENBLUERED GREENBLUEREDGREEN BLUEREDGREENGREEN BLUEGREENREDBLUE GREENBLUEGREENRED REDBLUEREDRED BLUEREDBLUEGREEN BLUEGREENREDGREEN REDGREENBLUERED

27. Distraction • Simple Task • Small Distraction • Compartmentalize and Defeat

28. Now that you can’t be distracted… • On next slide: • Count the number of tennis balls

30. How much time elapsed? 35”

31. Temporal Distortion • 15 seconds to 2 minutes • Distraction over time = SD • How long since you have looked at the ADI? • “Time slowed down”

32. Demonstration part deux(If you’ve seen it before, don’t ruin it.)

33. Demonstration Part Deux White Shirts - Bounce Passes? White Shirts - Overhead Passes?

35. Notice anything odd? Watch again.

37. Type I SD • Sometimes called “Misorientation” • Unrecognized by definition • Distraction may not be strong • Lasts a relatively long time

38. Quotes • “I just put one of those digital engine monitors in, it’s more important now than anything else, even the attitude indicator.” • “That’s not what I wanted to do!” • “What is it doing now?” • “Why is it doing that?” • “How would you do that?”

39. Scenario • You are inbound to the IF/IAF and get a routing change, holding, different approach, etc. • The autopilot is not doing the right thing so you disconnect it while you troubleshoot the avionics and set up for the procedure. • Hand-flying / Buttons / Distraction • All the ingredients for spatial disorientation are there!

40. Fly the Airplane • If you feel behind, FLY THE AIRPLANE first, slow down and catch up or hold. • Find out where you need to go, you should know where you are at all times, shouldn’t you? • If you can’t figure it out, ask for help. • Use good Resource Management . ATC is a resource too!

41. The New Way

42. Garmin 1000

44. What else do we need? • Positional Awareness • A Map • IFR Low/High Chart, VFR Sectional • MFD Display • Approach Guidance • Approach Plates • Paper Copy • MFD Display

45. Cockpit Set-up and Management

46. General GA Characteristics • Single Pilot • No Formal Training Program • Self taught on how to use equipment • No Company SOP • No go / no-go rules • No QA

47. SOP - How the Big Boys do it • Solid preflight planning • Take off/landing data, density altitude, weather, alternates etc is all known before boarding • Specific way to set up COM and NAV • Specific way to program FMS, GPS, INS, etc. • Departure, route, arrival, approach • Confirm / Cross Check • Clean up the box • Departure, Arrival, Approach • Brief / Compare / Confirm

48. Example Radio Set-upAir – COM 1, GND – COM2 Departure Prep Approach Prep COM 1: APR – ACTIVE TWR – STBY COM 2: GND – ACTIVE ATIS – STBY • COM 1: • TWR – ACTIVE • DEP – STBY • COM 2: • Get Clearance, then • GND – ACTIVE • ATIS - STBY

49. Helpful Hints

50. Use a Checklist - Preflight • Weather • Alternates • NOTAMS • TOLD • SID / STAR Include GPS NOTAMS Include NavData Notices