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This overview highlights significant moments in the Civil Rights Movement, focusing on de jure segregation in the South and de facto segregation in the North. It covers pivotal events such as the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, the Montgomery Bus Boycott sparked by Rosa Parks, and non-violent protests including sit-ins and Freedom Rides. The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 marked significant victories, alongside the tragic events like the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church and the assassination of key leaders like MLK and Malcolm X.
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Civil Rights • 1876-1965 – Jim Crow Laws • De jure segregation – laws in place in the south for racial segregation
De facto segregation – In the North….no laws put in place, just a way of life • Denied housing • Impacted employment
Brown V Board 1954 – Topeka KS School segregation overturned!
Used direct, non-violent ways to fight racism and discrimination • Sit ins • Boycotts • Freedom rides Based on tactics used by Ghandi
Montgomery Bus Boycott • Began with Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat • Lasted for over one year • Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional – people began riding it again • Elevated MLK’s role in the Civil Rights
Sit-ins • Protestors remain until they were evicted • Many at white restaurants • First one in 1960 – Woolworths – four young African-Americans refused to leave • Sparked many more across the nation
Freedom Ride • Spring of 1961 • Two buses from DC to New Orleans
Alabama – things went awry • One bus firebombed • Mob attacks the second bus • Riders sent to jail • Kennedy – mad! Forced release from jail
1962-1963 • Protests intensified! • James Meredith – wanted to go to college at University of Mississippi – all white school • WON!
1963 • MLK goes to Birmingham to protest (most segregated city in the south!) • Started non-violently • “Bull Connor” (public safety com.)– would not allow demonstrations anymore • Police dogs and fire hoses used!
JFK • President – Knew he had to take an active role • Declared the US had an obligation to provide equal rights
March on Washington • August 28th, 1963 • Hoped for 100,000 people – it doubled that! • “I have a dream”
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church • September, 1963 – Church was headquarters • Four young girls killed when bombed • Two months later JFK assassinated • Johnson sworn in
Johnson • Vowed to back Kennedy • Signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 – • Banned all segregation in public places – could not discriminate on gender, age, race, religion
Freedom Summer • 1964 – 1,000 volunteers went to Mississippi to register people to vote • 5 counties – black majority – people were afraid
1965 – Selma, Alabama • Protesting again • Bloody Sunday – Marchers attacked • 600 beaten and tear gassed • Johnson LIVID! • Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed – put voting into the hands now of federal government
Watts Riots • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=my3doRW-HWA
Malcolm X • As a teen had a rough life • Age 21 – prison converted to the Nation of Islam • Very strict • Broke away in the 1960’s and began his own organization • Very limited acceptance of whites • February 1965 – shot and killed – by members of Nation of Islam
Black Panthers • Formed by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale • Formed to protect against white abuse • Believed violence was necessary • Also did a lot of good – breakfast program for poor
MLK • Completely disagreed with “black power” • April 3, 1968 – Shot and killed while talking to sanitation workers • James Earle Ray - charged
