1. Unit 1 Part 3 Colonies Take Shape

2. Immigration • 90% of the migrants to the English colonies were from England, many indentured servants (see Part 1 Notes) • After 1660 English immigration declined. • Scottish and Scotch-Irish immigration increased. • Germans were 2nd in numbers to Scotch-Irish in the 1700’s • Immigration brought changes to the colonies.

3. Triangular Trade • Three part voyage connecting England, its colonies, and West Africa. • Trade formed a triangular shape. (map on page 77) • The First Leg: • British ships loaded with manufactured goods sailed to Africa and were swapped for enslaved Africans. • The Second Leg or:

4. The Middle Passage • Traders carried enslaved Africans to the American colonies. • Slaved were then sold for colonial produce. • After this, traders would return to their mother country. • There was much brutality. • Voyage lasted 2 months or more • Enslaved Africans were separated from their families and homes. • They were branded, placed in shackles, and put into crowded, dark, holds where they could hardly move. • Foul air promoted disease. • The ill might be thrown overboard to prevent spreading of disease. • Some refused to eat, hoping for death. • Traders had an interest that the slaves remained healthy, but even so, about 10% did not survive The Middle Passage.

5. Government In the Colonies • Magna Carta– English document that limited the King’s power over his nobles. • Limited King’s ability to tax them. • Consent of the nobles needed to levy a tax. • Parliament – law making body in England (equal to today’s Congress); bicameral or 2 house legislature • Habeus Corpus – no one would be held in jail without being charged with a specific crime.

6. Salutary Neglect Colonies allowed self-rule in return for support in wars against France and Spain.

7. Mercantilism • The purpose of the English Colonies was to build wealth and power of England • Mercantilism is a nation building wealth and power by developing It’s industries and exporting manufactured goods in exchange for gold or silver. • Imports were minimized to drive merchants from rival empires out of the markets. • Colonies fit well within this because they had differing economic strengths. • Land was scarce in England/People were abundant so that meant cheap labor • Development of industry was favored in England, but agriculture in the colonies. • 90% of colonists worked on farms • They exported their produce in ships to buy tropical goods from Africa or the Caribbean or manufactured goods from England.

8. Navigation Acts • England sought to control Colonial trade. • Implemented more customs duties which are taxes on imported goods. • This helped finance the defeat of the Dutch and later the French. • Parliament enacted the Navigation Acts – trade laws that said only British ships with British sailors could trade with the English Colonies; also said that tobacco and sugar could only be shipped to the mother country. • Strictly regulated importing to the colonies, and increased customs duties on the colonies. • They hurt Colonists economically, but meant dramatic growth for England.

9. New Ideas • Enlightenment – a movement headed by thinkers that believed all problems could be solved using human reason. • One colonist inspired by the Enlightenment was Benjamin Franklin. • He was a successful printer. • His quest for knowledge embodied Enlightenment ideals. • Franklin a symbol for upward mobility. • New religious movement known as The Great Awakening – preachers traveled from town to town giving emotion-packed sermons (beginning of revivals). • Jonathan Edwards preached in way that persuaded people to return to church for the good of their souls. • The Enlightenment and The Great Awakening led people to question church and state. (This set the tone for the American Revolution)

10. French & Indian War • Fought between Britain & France in 1754 in the colonies. • British and colonist fight together • French & Native American’s fight together • Native Americans use ambush style of fighting • George Washington is crushed in his first battle. • French fort taken over by British lead by William Pitt (Pittsburg) • Proclamation of 1763 – the proclaims that colonists cannot settle beyond the Appalachian Mnts.

11. Albany Plan of Union • Ben Franklin came up with idea of all colonies joining together. • Wanted to create a united voice for the colonies and some structure • Colonies turned the plan down because they were afraid of losing the freedoms they had • Parts of our first unified government can be traced back to this plan.