Identifying and Punctuating the Main Types of Sentences

1. Identifying and PunctuatingtheMainTypes of Sentences

2. SentenceStructures • CompoundSentences • ComplexSentences • Semicolons • Run-on • Commas/ CommaSplices • Fragments • Colons • Parenthesis/Dashes • Subject-VerbAgreement

3. CompoundSentences • A compoundsentence can bedividedintotwoparts, each of which can beseparatedbyitself. • A compoundsentenceconsists of at leasttwoindependentclausesjoinedtogethertoform a single sentence. (Eachpart of a compoundmustcontain at leastonesubject and oneverb. Therefore, eachhalf of a compoundsentenceis a clause. A clauseis a group of wordsthatcontainsboth a subject and a verb.)

4. CompoundSentences • There are severalwaystojoinindependentclausestoform a compoundsentence. • #1. Conjunctions • CoordinatingConjunctions. FANBOYS • Comma comes BEFORE theconjunction.

5. Practice • Underlinethesubject once and theverbstwice 1. ThePresidententeredtheroom, and the band begantoplay “HailtotheChief.” 2. Shedietsconstantly, butherweightremainsthesame. • Constructcompoundsentences of yourown, usingthecoordinatingconjuctionslistedbelow • __________________, and__________________________ • __________________, but__________________________ • __________________, for __________________________ • __________________, or___________________________

6. Semicolons • #2. Semicolon (;) • Use a semicolon(;) in place of boththecomma and thecoordinatingconjunction. Shecouldnotfindherkeys; theymusthave fallen somewhere. Mark isalways late forwork; he oversleepseverymorning.

7. #3. Conjunctiveadverbs. Bob lovedto surf; therefore, he livednearthebeach. Joe, however, likedtohike; he livednearthemountains. • Notice: that a semicolonisrequiredbetweentheclauses. A commafollowstheconjunctiveadverb. • Notice: thattheconjunctiveadverbisalways “set off” with a comma, ortwocommas, in itsownclause.

8. ConjunctiveAdverbs • Also • Anyway • Besides • Consequently • Finally • Furthermore • Hence • However • Incidentally • Indeed • Instead • Likewise • Meanwhile • Moreover • Nevertheless

9. ComplexSentences • Containsbothindependent and dependentclauses. • Everydependentclausebeginswith a subordinatingconjunction. • Ifthedependentclauseisthefirstclause in thesentence, itisfollowedby a comma Beforesheperformed at the club, Stephaniewelcomedherguests. • Iftheindependentclauseisfirst in thesentence, no commaisneeded. Stephaniewelcomedherguestsbeforesheperformed at the club.

10. Practice • Punctuatethefollowingsentences. Circlethesubordinatingconjunction in eachsentence, and draw a slanted line betweenclauses. 1. Afterweeatdinnerwe’regoingtosee a movie. 2. Thechildcarriesherteddybearwithherwherevershegoes. 3. Ifitdoesn’t rain thecropswillberuined. 4. As soon as I finishpainting my apartmentI’llhelpyoupaintyours.

11. Run-onSentences • Failuretoseparatetwoindependentclauses i.e. I don’tplaytenniswell I have a poorbackhand. 3 waystocorrectrun-onsentences: 1. Divide therun-oninto2 separatesentencesendingwith a period. 2. Changetherun-onto a compoundsentencebyseparatingtheclauseswithcoordinatingconjunctions, a conjunctiveadverb, or a semicolon. 3. Changetherun-onto a complexsentencebyplacing a subordinatingconjunctionbeforeone of theclauses.

12. Commas/ CommaSplices • A commaspliceconsists of: • 2 Independentclausesthat are joinedwithjust a commawhen more punctuationisneeded. Sheis a full-time student, sheworksfortyhours a week. Bob needs a new car, he can’taffordtobuyonenow. • A commabyitselfisnotstrongenoughtoseparateindependentclauses. (0nly periods and semicolons can do that).

13. Comma/ CommaSplices • 3 waystocorrect a commasplice • Divide thecommaspliceinto 2 separatesentences. Sueis a full-time student. Sheworksfortyhours a week. 2. Changethecommaspliceinto a compoundsentencebyadding a coordinatingconjunction, conjunctiveadverb, orjust a semicolon. Sheis a full-time student, and sheworksfortyhours a week. • Changethecommaspliceinto a complexsentencebyadding a subordinatingconjunction. EventhoughSueis a full-time student, sheworksfortyhours a week.

14. Fragments • A group of wordsthat do notcreate a complete thoughtwith a periodontheend of it. As you can see. Thesegroups of words. Are fragments. • Wrongpunctuation can createfragments. Incorrect: As you can see; wrongpunctuationmaybeconfusing. Correct: As you can see, wrongpunctuationmaybeconfusing.

15. Fragments • 2 types of fragments • Dependentclauses: itcannot stand alone so itmusthaveanindependentclausetobeattachedto. (If a semicolonor a periodisusedtojointhemitisstill a fragment). Whenwearrived at thetheater; themoviehadalreadybegun. • Phrases (a group of wordsthat do notcontainboth a subject and a verb). Hadseenthat film. Thechildrenonthe bus.

16. Practice • Rewriteeachfragment so thatitbecomes a complete sentence. Theweatherbeingmuchtoocoldforswimming. Ate a pizza for lunch yesterday. Thecandidateknowingthathis lead wouldnothold. Thehousedamagedbythe tornado.

17. Colons 1. Introduce a list of items when introductory words such as namely, for example, or that is do not appear. For Example You may be required to bring many items: sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing. I want the following items: butter, sugar, and flour. I want an assistant who can do the following: (1) input data, (2) write reports, and (3) complete tax forms.

18. 2. Should not precede a list unless it follows a complete sentence. • It is a stylistic choice. For Example: If a waitress wants to make a good impression on her customers and boss, she should (a) dress appropriately, (b) calculate the bill carefully, and (c) be courteous to customers. There are three ways a waitress can make a good impression on her boss and her customers: (a) Dress appropriately. (b) Calculate the bill carefully. (c) Be courteous to customers.

19. 3. Capitalization and punctuation are optional. • Capitalize the first word and end each sentence with proper ending punctuation if each bullet or numbered point is a complete sentence. • Be consistent. Examples The following are requested: (a) Wool sweaters for possible cold weather. (b) Wet suits for snorkeling. (c) Introductions to the local dignitaries. OR The following are requested: (a) wool sweaters for possible cold weather(b) wet suits for snorkeling (c) introductions to the local dignitaries.

20. 5. To introduce a direct quotation that is more than three lines. Example:The author of Touched, Jane Straus, wrote in the first chapter: Georgia went back to her bed and stared at the intricate patterns of burned moth wings in the translucent glass of the overhead light. Her father was in “hyper mode” again where nothing could calm him down.

21. 4. Between two sentences when the second sentence explains or illustrates the first sentence. • If only one sentence follows the colon, do not capitalize the first word of the new sentence. • If two or more sentences follow the colon, capitalize the first word of each sentence following. Examples:I enjoy reading: novels by Kurt Vonnegut are among my favorites.

22. Follow the salutation of a business letter • Never use a semicolon after a salutation. • A comma is used after the salutation for personal correspondence. Example: Dear Ms. Rodriguez: I regret to inform you that you have been denied.

23. Parenthesis • De-emphasizes the words they separate. • Encloses brief explanations or interruptions. • Contain part of a sentence or a whole sentence. • I demanded a reasonable sum ($10.50 an hour), and they met my request. • Polly's last movie disappointed both fans and critics. (See the attached reviews.)

24. Parenthesis • Put punctuation after the parenthesis if it is part of a sentence. • Put the period inside the parenthesis if it is a complete sentence. • Notice: Don't capitalize or use a period when parentheses enclose a sentence within a sentence. • Be sparing

25. Dashes • Highlights the part of the sentence • Shows an abrupt change of thought mid-sentence • Connect a fragment to a sentence. • Alberta Hunter--still singing at the age of eighty--performed nightly at The Cookery in New York City. • At night the forest is magical and fascinating--and yet it terrifies me. • Living the high life--that's what I want.

26. Dashes • Show hesitation in dialogue. • “What--What will happen now?” the child asked. • Dashes are very handy • Can replace a period, comma, colon, or semicolon. • Usually informal, so don't use many--or you will seem to have dashed off your paper. • When you type, two hyphens make a dash (--) • Do not space before or after the dash.

27. Subject-Verb Agreement • A sentence must include both a subject and a verb. • Actor + Action • He ran • Subject = Actor • Noun – person, place, or thing • Pronoun – he, she, it

28. Gerund – verbs turned into a noun using –ing • Listening is difficult for children • Dieting makes me hungry • Imperatives - Commands • Wash the dishes! (Subject is implied you) • Do your homework!

29. Words that are not a subject • Adjectives – words that describe a noun • The tall boy runs well • Subject is “boy” not “tall boy” • Possessive pronouns – shows ownership • My dog has fleas

30. Subject / Verb Agreement • Verbs = Action • Action words • Tom ran over to the church • To be verbs – is, was, are, were, been • Susan is happy • Linking verbs – seem, feel, become • Tense – shows present, past, future

31. Words that are not verbs Infinitives – words that combine –to with a verb • He plans to swim later • Adverbs – words that describe a verb • Commonly end with –ly • The man ran quickly • Not, never, or very

32. Practice • Underline the subject once and the verb twice. • That man won the contest yesterday. • The ancient horse slowly pulled the cart.