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Why is water Neutral ? (water molecules in equilibrium)

Why is water Neutral ? (water molecules in equilibrium). Acid and Base are in equal amounts where there is NO EXCESS of either. H2O  H + + OH -. (Hydrogen (Hydroxide ion) ion). Neutralization Reaction.

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Why is water Neutral ? (water molecules in equilibrium)

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  1. Why is water Neutral?(water molecules in equilibrium) • Acid and Base are in equal amounts where there is NO EXCESS of either. H2O  H++OH- (Hydrogen (Hydroxide ion) ion)

  2. Neutralization Reaction • The process when an acid and a base react in a solution together. • HCl + NaOH NaCl- + H2O

  3. Acids • The release of H+ ions from compounds when placed in water. • pH scale 1-6. HCl  H+ + Cl- Ex. HCl is produced by the human stomach

  4. Bases • The release ofOH- ions from compounds when placed in water. • pH scale 8-14 NaOH Na+ + OH-

  5. Acid or base? HCl H+ + Cl- HOH+ NH3 NH4+ + OH- NaOH Na + OH-

  6. What am I? • ______________ release H+ ions when placed in H2O.

  7. What do I release? • A base releases _________ ions when placed in H2O. • OH- • OH+ • H+ • H-

  8. Acids __________________. • Increase H+ ions • Decrease H+ ions Answer: A • Bases ___________________. • Decrease H+ • Increase H+ Answer: A

  9. pH Scalemeasures if a substance is acidic or alkaline (basic) by the concentration of hydrogen ions by the power of 10.

  10. pH Scale How much more acidic is lemon juice than tomatoe juice? 100 times more

  11. H+ concentration is measured according to the pH scale Coffee has a pH of 5 Seawater has a pH of 8 How much more acidic is coffee than seawater?

  12. Acid rain – a major environmental threat Sulphuric acid Nitric acid Carbonic acid

  13. pH Indicatorsa substance that changes color inan acidicor alkaline (basic) solution • Red litmus paper – turns blue in a base • Blue litmus paper – turns red in an acid *pH paper turns different colors. Use a scale to determine the actual pH.

  14. CARBON

  15. THE ELEMENT CARBON • Element - is a substance consisting of atoms which all have the same atomic number. • Atom – the simplest or basic unit that makes up matter. • Molecule - a particle formed when two or moreatomsjoin together by a covalent bond. • (smallest unit of most compounds)

  16. ONE atom of CARBON can combine with up to 4 other atoms. Therefore, organic compounds usually are LARGE and can have several atoms and molecules bonded together. • This creates LARGE MOLECULESto form in a STRAIGHT line or in RINGS.

  17. Large organic molecules that make up the structural components of living organisms are CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS. Large molecules are also called MACROMOLECULES.

  18. In living organisms, the carbon atom often joins with other atoms by SHARING electrons. This sharing of electrons is called making COVALENTBONDS. THE THREE PARTICLES THAT MAKE UP ATOMS

  19. CARBON likes to share bonds with HYDROGEN • OXYGEN, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, and SULFUR atoms. • All these atoms are found inLIVINGORGANISMS.

  20. BIOCHEMISTRY • Study of chemical composition and reactions occurring in living matter.

  21. ___________________

  22. Other Inorganic Molecules • H20(most abundant and important makes up 60-80% of all cells) • Acids • Bases • Salts (Na Cl ) + -

  23. A MOLECULE THAT MAY REACT CHEMICALLY TO ANOTHER MOLECULE TO FORM A LARGER MOLECULE is called a MONOMER. ALSO, CALLED A SUBUNITor the BUILDING BLOCKS. Ex: glucose, amino acids. A MOLECULE T THAT MAY REACT CHEMICALLY TO ANOTHER MOLECULE TO FORM A LARGER MOLECULE. ACT CHEMICALLY TO ANOTHER MOLECULE TO FORM A LARGER MOLECULE.

  24. _______________ ________________ _______________

  25. Why AreChemicalsImportant? • To form pigment (defense mechanism) • To form cell structures • To store and release energy • Contain genetic information

  26. Chemical Reactions2 Biological Processes

  27. Dehydration Synthesis • Process that removes water & bonds molecules together to make large organic molecules. • Enzymes must be present!!!! enzyme sugar + sugarstarch

  28. DehydrationSynthesis(Remove water) (Add) enzyme O O OH HO + H20 Polymer Water Removed http://video.lonestar.edu/media/nhscience/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

  29. What Does Dehydration Synthesis Do? • Breaking molecules apart B. Build larger molecules

  30. Hydrolysis (water breaks) enzyme starchsugar + sugar Water is added to Breakdownlarge sugar molecules. http://video.lonestar.edu/media/nhscience/dehydrat/dehydrat.htm1

  31. Reading from Left to Right, Describe this Biological Process.

  32. THINK LEGOS!

  33. Functional Groups • A group of atoms that characterize the structure of organic compounds. • 3 Types: - Hydroxyl (OH) - Carboxyl (COOH) - Amine (NH2)

  34. Carbohydrates Made up of: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen C:H:O (1:2:1 ratio) 2:1 ratio

  35. Major Functions Other: Dissolves in H20 (soluble) Main energy source Gives structure Functional Group: Hydroxyl OH

  36. Examples: Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Simple ring sugar Repeated rings of sugar Two ring sugar Starch (plants) Gylcogen (animals) Cellulose (plants) Chitin (animals) Maltose Lactose Sucrose Glucose Fructose Galactose • Most sugars End in “-ose” (there are exceptions)

  37. How Do Carbohydrates Look?

  38. Monosaccharidesare also called the Building blocks of carbohydrates 1 RING or

  39. Monosaccharides Fructose (The sweetest sugar) Ex) Honey Glucose Ex) Corn syrup Human blood

  40. Disaccharides Sucrose

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