The MAss Spectrometer for Planetary EXploration (MASPEX)

1. Tim Brockwell, Hunter Waite and Mark Libardoni Department of Space Science and Engineering Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX The MAss Spectrometer for Planetary EXploration (MASPEX) 10th International Planetary Probe Workshop San Jose, CA - June 2013

2. Roadmap • Introduction to MASPEX • Operational and Performance Characteristics • Mating MASPEX with GC×GC • Proposed Flight Missions • Questions and Discussions

3. MASPEX Overview • MASPEX is a next generation spectrometer with significantly improved performance over existing instruments • Areas of enhanced performance include: • Extended mass range (>1000 amu) for heavy organic molecules • Enhanced mass resolution (>30,000 M/dM) for critical isotopes • Enhanced dynamic range (109 in a 1s period) for high S/N • Improved sensitivity (better than 1ppt with cryo) for rare noble gases • High throughput (>5000 samples/s) for rapid descent probes

4. MASPEX Built on MB-TOF Backbone • Analyzer development has mainly concentrated on: • Improved mechanical tolerance of the ion optics. • Titanium and ceramic construction of mirror elements and strong back. • Mass relieving of the major portions of the ion optics. • Vibration testing of the analyzer with mass models of the ion source • and detector. Generation-1 Generation-2 with orthogonal ion source Generation-3

5. Development of Multi-Bounce Time of Flight (MBTOF) Numerical simulations of ion trajectories showing focusing of multi-bounce ion packets. R(N) = NTo/2(Dt+NdT) 40cm & < 8kg Third generation MBTOF has successfully undergone vacuum and vibration tests.

6. MBTOF ION OPTICS Detector Drift tube Ion Source Reflectron-2 Ion Bunchers used to modify the focal lengths of the mirrors for stable ion motion Reflectron-1

7. Bulk Resistive Ceramic Mirrors Resistive mirrors Conventional Lab Reflectron Test fit. Ceramics when fired turn black

8. Dual Pickoff Detector Development • Fast < 2 ns FwHM response time • Low timing jitter • Can be baked to 300 degree C • High dynamic range >10^5 • Fast recovery time ( no current “sag”) after large multiple ion events. • Rugged • Tested in a radiation environment Magnet B Original Concept Two-stage dual pickoff detector

9. MBTOF Performance Simulations demonstrate resolution using line shapes obtained in the lab. Performance allows MBTOF to separate isotopologues of CH4 and H2 in order to determine hydrogen and helium abundances. Survey Resolution m/∆m = 1800 m/∆m = 513 HD 3He H3 Low Resolution signal (counts) High Resolution m/∆m = 10,200 m/∆m = 5968 13CH4 CH3D 13CH2D

10. MBTOF Performance (Survey Mode) Survey Mode Tiles (6000 resolution) Lab data

11. MBTOF Performance (High-Resolution Mode) M/DM = 3000 Separation of CO from N2 M/DM = 13,500

12. Performance Overview • Resolution • D/H ratio in water is important for formation conditions of the Galilean satellites (H217O and HD16O : 12,283) • Sensitivity • Noble gases and trace organic species provide information about the formation and habitability. Using a cryo-trap in addition to a storage source enables ppb level organic materials to be measured • Spatial Resolution • The requirement to observe spatial features as small as 400km of orbital track need high scan rates to collect the data. MASPEX can operate at 5kHz across full mass range

13. Stand Alone Missions for MASPEX • The versatility of the instrument allows application adaptability for multiple missions: • Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) • Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer Missions (JUICE)

14. MACE – Mars Lander Proposal GC×GC TOFMS Pyrolysis

15. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC) • 1st Dimension Column-Long (non-polar) • 2nd Dimension Column - Short (polar) • Connected via a Modulator • Benefits • Large available peak capacity • Increased detectibility • Structured chromatograms 1D Text 2D Plot 3D View

16. Commercial Modulator Performance C8 C10 C12 C14 C16 C18 C20

17. GC×GC Hardware Development • The Modulator is the heart of a GC×GC • Requires LN2 or other media • Requires large amount of Carrier Gas (valve based) • Goal is to build a modulator that requires no cryogenic media, requires no external compressed gas and can effectively modulate from nC1 – nC100

19. Resistive Heating Modulator Cooling Lines O-ring Modulator Housing Insulating Sleeve Modulator Support Retaining Cap Thermal Modulator Libardoni, et al. - 2004

20. 2-Stage Resistive Heating • Two-Stage modulator evaluation • Qualitative and quantitative studies • Two-Stage will eliminate sweep through Libardoni, et al. - 2005

21. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 2-Stage Resistive Heating C6 – C20Alkane mixture W1/2 – 32 ms Time (s) Time (min) Libardoni, et al. - 2005

22. 2-Stage Resistive Heating Two-Stage Modulator Design Cross Section of Modulator Thermodynamic Modeling Isometric View of Thermal Modulator SMARTMod Modulator Assembly Power Supply and Electronics

23. GC×GC-MBTOF

24. GC-MS Performance

25. GC×GC-TOF of Murchison

26. GC×GC-TOF of Oreugil

27. GC×GC-TOF of Tholin sample pyrrole methyl pyrrole Time (sec) dimethyl pyrrole trimethyl pyrrole tetramethyl pyrrole Time (sec)

28. Multi-bed Trap GC×GC-MS

29. Laser Thermal Desorption

30. MASPEX Summary • Together these advanced capabilities will provide future missions with enhanced science return not previously available • Some examples: • PRIME: Exceptional resolution and sensitivity will allow unique determinations of noble gas isotopic ratios and ratios of stable isotopes in major volatiles, which are key to understanding solar system formation. • Saturn Probe: High sample throughput provides precise measurements of noble gases and key volatiles during rapid descent. Again, these are critical for understanding solar system evolution. • Mars 2020 Rover: Mating of MASPEX with GC×GC will deliver unparallel results for the determination of organics • Return to Titan and Enceladus : Identity of large organic molecules and chiral characteristics used to identify biological activity and enable the search for life.

31. Acknowledgements • Southwest Research Internal Research Funding (Grant #R8223) • NSF, NASA, JPL – Director’s Funding • University of Michigan • Department of Atmospheric Oceanic and Space Science • Department of Chemistry • Tim Brockwell • Hunter Waite • Mark Libardoni • Greg Miller • Keith Pickens • Dave Young • Ryan Blase