Haemophilus (Hib)

1. Haemophilus(Hib) Haemophilus influenza

2. Haemophilus influenza • normal throat microbiota • meningitis, pneumonia, otitis media, epiglottitis • mortality rate of 6% • incidence decreasing: Hib vaccine (meningitis in infants and children 5 years and under has declined by 99%)

3. Campylobacter jejuni • Bacteriogastroenteritis • Adapt well to intestinal environment • 2 million cases in the U.S. per year Readings question 1: How are Campylobacter jejuni contracted?

4. Legionella • aerobic, gram-negative rod • over 44 species, not all pathogenic • can be isolated from natural waters • no person-to-person • recent outbreaks • ingested by waterborne amoebae, but continue to proliferate and survive • resistant to phagocytes

5. Legionella pneumophilia • Legionnaires’ disease/Legionellosis • 1976: 182 pulmonary disease, 29 died • 1000 cases reported, actual estimate 25,000 • diagnosis: charcoal-yeast extract medium • respiratory specimens: fluorescent antibody • DNA probe test • treatment: erythromycin, azithromycin

6. Listeria monocytogenes Readings question #2: What type of pathogen is Listeria monocytogenes recently becoming recognized as? What are the symptoms associated with Listeriosis? If fatal, what is the frequent cause of death?

7. Pseudomonas • aerobic, gram-negative rods; polar flagella

8. Pseudomonas • common in soil and other natural environments • UTI, burns, wounds, sepsis, abscesses, meningitis • grow on minute traces of carbon sources • grow in antiseptics • resistant to most antibiotics • responsible for 10% of nosocomial infections • grow at refrigerator temperatures

9. Pseudomonas Infection Sites

10. Mycoplasma Readings question #3: Where do the Mycoplasma pneumonia colonies adhere? How do they spread? What diseases are caused by this bacterium? (3 points)

11. Rickettsia • Only reproduce within a mammalian cell • Induce phagocytosis; enter cytoplasm; reproduce by binary fission Readings question #4: What is the most severe rickettsial infection, and what organism causes it?

12. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

13. Ricketssia prowazekii • Readings question #5: • How is the Ricketssia prowazekii microbe transmitted to produce epidemic typhus? • Signs and symptoms: high and prolonged fever that lasts at least 2 weeks; stupor; rash that darkens as disease progresses • Anne Frank

14. Treatment • tetracycline, doxycycline, chloramphenicol • eliminate conditions • vaccines for military

15. Ricketssia typhi • sporadic • murine: mouse Readings question #6: How is the Ricketssia typhi microbe transmitted to produce endemic typhus? • treatment: tetracycline, doxycycline, chloramphenicol • rat control is best preventive measure

16. Coxiella burnetti • parasite of several arthropods • birthing: organisms shed in high numbers • resistant to heat, drying, a many disinfectants • inhaling a single pathogen can cause infection • pasteurization temperature raised in 1956 • responsible for Q fever

17. Q Fever • Wide range of clinical symptoms • 60% asymptomatic • Acute: high fevers (104-105 degrees), severe headache, general malaise, confusion, sore throat, chills, sweats, non-productive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and chest pain • pneumonia: 30-50% patients; hepatitis

18. Chronic Q Fever • Infection persists for more than 6 months • 1 year or 20 years • Endocarditis • Transplant recipients, cancer, kidney disease • Treatment: acute- doxycycline chronic- doxycycline & quinolones doxycycline & hydroxychloroquine

19. Prevention education appropriate disposal restrict access pasteurized milk laboratory clothing vaccination quarantine holding facilities routine testing

20. Chlamydia Readings question #7: What are the 3 species of chlamydias that are significant pathogens for humans? Describe the growth stages of this microorganism. Chlamydias are transmitted to humans by interpersonal contact or by airborne respiratory routes.

21. Chlamydial pneumonia • outbreaks among college students • transmitted by the respiratory route • 50% U.S. population has antibodies • treatment: tetracycline

22. Chlamydia trachomatic • Causative agent for: trachoma Lymphogranuloma veneruem NGU (non-gonococcal urethritis) or NSU (non-specific urethritis)

23. Trachoma • Greek: “rough eye” • arid parts of Africa and Asia, almost all children are infected early in their lives • 500 million active cases worldwide and 7 million blinded victims • occurs occasionally in the southwestern U.S. • transmitted by hand contact or by sharing personal objects

24. Trachoma (cont’d) • conjunctivitis leads to permanent scarring • long-term mechanical abrasion of the cornea • turned-in eyelashes • secondary infections • tetracycline ointment • partial immunity • sanitary practices and health education

25. Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) • Genital infections associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer • NGU/NSU: any inflammation of the urethra that is not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae • painful urination and watery discharge • coinfection with C. trachomatis

26. Chlamycia psittaci • Infected birds will usually have diarrhea, ruffled feathers, respiratory illness, and a generally “droopy appearance”