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Performance enhancing Substances and Techniques

Performance enhancing Substances and Techniques. What is an Ergogenic Aid?. A substance or device that enhances performance Illegal (e.g. blood doping) or legal (e.g. carbohydrate loading). 3 Types Ergogenic Aids. Nutritional Aids Pharmacological Aids Physiological Aids.

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Performance enhancing Substances and Techniques

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  1. Performance enhancing Substances and Techniques

  2. What is an Ergogenic Aid? • A substance or device that enhances performance • Illegal (e.g. blood doping) or legal (e.g. carbohydrate loading)

  3. 3 Types Ergogenic Aids • Nutritional Aids • Pharmacological Aids • Physiological Aids

  4. 1. Nutritional Aids • Substances used to enhance performance • Nutrients, metabolic by products of nutrients, food, substances commonly found in food provided in greater amounts than normal

  5. Example: Creatine Description of the substance: - an amino acid produced in the liver that supplies some energy to muscle cells - found in skeletal muscle - increases production of ATP

  6. Why does one take it? • Recall, when ATP is used during short bursts of activity, it turns into ADP • ADP needs a phosphocreatine to turn back into ATP • Supplementing extra creatine speeds up this process • Access is excreted

  7. Availability and Cost - Health food stores, gyms, online, etc… • 20$ to 30$ for a container (500g-1000) • Found naturally in red meats and some carbs

  8. Short and Long Term Effects • Water retention • More energy • Muscles cramps • Upset stomach • Liver dysfunction • Kidney damage • Unknown

  9. Legal or Illegal • Legal Dangers and Risks • Possible damage to organs • May suppress bodies own need to create creatine naturally • Gateway drug • Most unknown

  10. 2. Pharmacological Aids • Aka ‘doping’ • the use of an artifice, whether substance or method, potentially dangers to an athlete’s health and/or capable of enhancing performance • Need to be aware of over the counter drugs that contain traces • Almost universally banned • Regular testing

  11. Example: Anabolic Steroids Description of the Substance: • Synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone

  12. Why does one take it? - Increase protein synthesis • Aids in the formation of muscle cells • Muscle grow bigger and repair faster Availability and Cost - Drug deals, online sites • $60 to $100 per bottle

  13. Short and Long Term Effects • Muscle size increase • Liver damage • Aggressiveness • Facial hair growth • Deepening voice • Irregularities in the menstrual cycle

  14. Legal or Illegal • Illegal without prescription Dangers or Risks • See side effects • Organ damage • Remember the man whose arms exploded ????

  15. 3. Physiological Aids • Practices used by an athlete • Help with performance • May alter heart rate, adrenaline rate, change the growth of muscles and bones • Types: blood doping and drug masking

  16. Recall; Performance Enhancing Substances Include: • Nutritional AIDS • Vitamins and minerals • Proteins and amino acids • Releasers of growth hormones • Carnitine • Creatin • Caffine

  17. Pharmacological AIDS • Pain masking drugs • Anabolic steroids • Prohormone • HGH • Erythropoitin Restrictions: • alcohol – prohibited • Marijuana – impairs psychomotor • Local anaesthetics • Corticosteriods • Beta bolckers

  18. Physiological AIDS • Blood Doping • removal of one’s own red blood cells • give the body enough time to produce more • Then re-inject removed blood cells, thereby increasing the total volume of oxygen carrying red blood cells • Higher red blood cell count cause heart to work harder and increase the risk of cardiac fatigue and heart failure • Nowadays, blood doping has been replaced by injecting EPO (which causes body to create new RBC)

  19. Drug Masking - Drugs used to mask or reduce presence of banned substances – 2 forms • Agents that dilute the concentration of banned drugs in bloodstream • Diuretics which increase amount of urine produced to dilute the substance

  20. Drug Testing • Successful drug testing involves random, year round, and unannounced testing • Athlete provides urine sample – usually after competition but sometimes before • Even if detected, may not be enough • Feerations make pre-set limits for each banned substance • Masking agents are also banned • HGH, testosterone and EPO are more difficult to detect because they have to be distinguished from naturally occuring hormones in the body • Testing positive is based on threshold values for naturally occuring substances in the blood

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