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This conceptual model illustrates how various human activities—such as industry, agriculture, urbanization, aquaculture, and mining—introduce organic acids and other toxic substances into the environment. It examines the causal pathways of effluent discharges and their impact on nutrient leakage, groundwater transport, and atmospheric emissions. The model highlights how these factors can lower pH levels, increase free metal ions, and affect ecosystem processes, resulting in decreased reproductive success, altered behavior, and changes to population and community structures.
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geology & lithology natural organic acids direct effluent discharges human activity additional step in causal pathway industry agriculture urbanization source aquaculture & hatcheries mining & resource extraction buffering capacity modifying factor ↑ nutrients leakage, leachate & groundwater transport atmospheric emissions, transport & deposition stormwater runoff ↓ pH ↑ pH fluctuation ↑ free metal ions LEGEND ↑ ionic strength ↑ toxic substances proximate stressor ↑ H+ inputs interacting stressor response ∆ ecosystem processes ↓ reproductive success ↑ mortality ∆ behavior ↓ condition ↓ growth ↑ susceptibility to other stressors ∆ population & community structure Simple conceptual model diagram for LOW pH
