WELCOME

1. WELCOME

2. INTELLIGENCE

3. INTELLIGENCE Definitions Theories of Intelligence Concept of mental age and I.Q Constancy of I.Q Distribution of I.Q Measurement of I.Q Measurement of Intelligence Classification of Intelligence test Advantages & Limitations of Intelligence test

4. Terman- Intelligence is the ability of the person to carry on abstract thinking • Woodworth-Intelligence is the intellect put to use. • Stern-Intelligence is the ability of the individual to adjust himself to a novel situation • David Wechsler-Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to think rationally ,act purposefully and deal effectively with the environment. In short ,intelligence consists of an individual ‘s mental and cognitive abilities which help him in solving his actual life problems and leading a happy and well contented life

5. Theories of Intelligence Spearman’s two factor theory (Ecletic Theory) • Advocated by Spearman,an English psychologist in 1904 • Intelligence consists of two factors –a general ability known as G factor and number of specific abilities S factors. • Every individual has one G factor • G factor inborne –found in various amount in all individuals. • used in all mental activities. • Success in life depends upon the amount of G factor. • Individual possess some S factors

6. S factors are learnt and acquired • S factors specific to particular jobs. • S factors seen in various amounts in different individuals • Total intelligence is described as • A=g +s1+s2+……………………………………

7. Structure of intellect by GUILFORD • Developed by J.P.Guilford ,University of Southern California. • Every intellectual activity can be described in terms of operations ,contents & products • Identified 5 operations ,4 content & 6 products

9. (i) Operations-act of thinking a.Cognition-knowledge most important fundamental operation in learning process b.Memory: Retention of learnt material c.Divergent thinking-Generation of logical alternatives d.Convergent thinking-Generation of logic tight conclusions. e. Evaluation-Judging goodness of what is produced. .

10. II. Contents: Areas of information in which operations are performed . a. Figural content : Concrete material perceived through senses. • Two types-visual & auditory. b.Symbolic content : Materials in the form of signs & symbols.ie, numbers or letters. c.Semantic content : Materials in the form of verbal meaning & ideas. i.e., words. d. Behavioral content : Refers to social intelligence ,ie,attitudes & needs.

11. III.Products:Ideas or results come up with a.Units: Segregated chunk Ability to comprehend visual,auditory,symbolic units b. Classes: Common properties within.ie ability to classify words and ideas c.Relations :Meaningful connections ie ability to perceive relationships between objects d.Systems :Organized pattern .Ability to structure objects in space ,symbolic elements and problems e.Transformation : changes .ie the ability to suggest changes in various circumstances f.Implication –other in formations ,ability to project present information to the future

12. Theories of primary mental abilities (PMA theory) • Advocated by Louis L.Thurstone of America • To him ,there exists no general factor but a number of primary abilities which people have in various amount • Intelligence is composed of a number of primary mental abilities(PMA) • Each of them is relatively independent of the other a.Numerical Ability(N) :Ability to do numerical calculations rapidly and accurately b.Verbal factor(v) :Ability to deal with relationships expressed in words ,their meanings

13. c.Spatial Realtions (s) :Ability to find out realtionships in space ,ability to draw designs from memory d.Memory(M) : Ability to memorize and recall quickly. e.Reasoning(R):Ability to formulate rules and principles both inductive and inductive reasoning f.Word fluency(W): Ability to think of isolated words rapidly. g.Perceptual ability(P) : Ability to understand the various aobjects seen and to find out the similarities and dissimilarities seen

14. Mental age: .First introduced by Alfred Binnet .Mental age is determined by performance of the individual in the test. Intelligence Quotient: . I.Q is an index of intelligence. . Concept of I.Q was developed by William Stern (1914) .Ratio between mental age and chronological age. ie I.Q =M.A/C.A*100; M.A - mental age. C.A - chronological age.

15. Distribution of I.Q Garett has classified people according to their I.Q in the following way

16. I .Q Classification

17. Constancy of IQ • IQ of an individual remains almost constant from age. • A dull child will grow up to age as a dull adult. • A bright child will grow up to age as a bright adult.

18. Measurement of Intelligence • Alfred Binet (a french psychologist) is called as the father of intelligence testing • First Intelligence test –Binet Simen Test-was developed by Binet & Simen in 1905

19. Classification of Intelligence Test

20. Individual Test • Administered to a single subject at a time • In verbal test,language is used in administration & writing • Non Verbal test-language only for giving directions Eg: BinetSimen Test • First intelligence Test • Individual verbal test • Developed to measure the intelligence of French School children in 1905

21. Individual Performance test • Items such as • Trazing a maze • Picture completion • Block building • Cube construction • To fit blocks in holes Eg Alexander’s pass along Test • Performance Test • Small blue and red cubes placed in small wooden trays • Position should be reversed without liftingfrom the tray • Success is measured by the success in task and time taken

22. II Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence scale • Two forms • WISC(Weschler Individual scale for children) • WAIS(Weschler Adult Individual Scale) • Verbal & performance scale simultaneously • 11 subtests-6 make up a verbal scale 5 performance scale Verbal Scales : • Test of general information • Test of Genaeral comprehension • Test of arithmetic Reasoning • Test of Distinction between similarities • Test of digit span • Test of vocabulary

23. Performance Scale: • Digit Symbol test • Picture completion test • Block design Test • Picture arrangement Test • Object Assembly Test Group Verbal Test • First group verbal test-Army Alpha Test E.g. Modified Alpha Test • Revision of Army Alpha test

24. Group Non Verbal Test Contains pictures ,diagrams ,geometrical Figures E.g. Raven’s progressive Matrices Test • Developed in England • Consists of geometric figures • Selecting appropriate past to complete the pattern

25. Advantages of Intelligence Tests • Intelligence tests are used for the purpose of making selection of suitable candidates for admission to course • Intelligence tests help the teacher to classify their students into homogeneous groups for providing individualised instruction. • Scores obtained in intelligence test can motivate individual to reach higher levels in the ladder • Intelligence tests help in revealing the potentialities of an individual and in this way make possible the prediction of one’s success in a particular field • Intelligence tests help to detect the exceptional children such as gifted ,backward & mentally retarded • Intelligence test help in the diagnosis of problematic behavior of the child • Intelligence testing has been proved to be very useful in psychological, sociological and educational research.

26. Limitations • Intelligence tests label some students as superior and the others as inferior. This type of knowledge may create so many psychological problems. • Knowledge of intelligence of the pupils for a teacher may result in slackness on his part. He may put the entire responsibility of a pupil’s failure on his inferior intelligence ,while an intelligent student may be left to work for himself • Intelligence test results have been misused to uphold the theory of royal blood, segregation and sectarian out look

27. Thank You