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Chapter 7: The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Chapter 7: The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein. Important Point:. If you are having trouble understanding lecture material: Try reading your text before attending lectures. And take the time to read it well!. Genome = cell’s complete set of genetic information.

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Chapter 7: The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

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  1. Chapter 7:The Blueprint ofLife, fromDNA to Protein

  2. Important Point: If you are having trouble understanding lecture material: Try reading your text before attending lectures. And take the time to read it well!

  3. Genome = cell’s complete set of genetic information. • In practice genome does not include plasmids. • Genome, for most bacteria, is synonymous with chromosome (since chromosome is singular for most bacteria). • The genome of all cells consists solely of DNA. • For some viruses the genome is RNA, however. • Genes are the most noteworthy aspect of genomes. • Traditionally, most genes encode proteins (though in reality a great number of genes instead encode individual polypeptides or non-mRNA RNAs). • Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics: • Replication = DNA to DNA information transfer. • Transcription = DNA to RNA information transfer. • Translation = RNA to protein information transfer. • Reverse transcription = DNA to RNA information transfer. Molecular Genetics Overview

  4. Central Dogma Transcription, catalyzed by RNA Polymerase, is the first step of Gene Expression. Translation is catalyzed by Ribosomes.

  5. Representations of DNA Structures Double helix. Closed-circular DNA. dsDNA ssDNA

  6. RNA Transcription ssRNA mRNA = + strand

  7. RNA Transcription Medically, transcription is important during antibiotic therapy as well as for virus identification & characterization.

  8. Promotion of Transcription Note different DNA strands serving as templates. Note consistency of 5’ to 3’ orientation.

  9. RNA Synthesis Overview Upstream Downstream

  10. Pro- vs. Eukaryotic Gene Expression

  11. Some Sequenced Microbes

  12. Mycoplasma genitalium ORFs Each Open Reading Frame (ORF) = one gene as inferred from the complete sequence of M. genitalium.

  13. Constitutive expression = genes that are expressed whenever protein synthesis occurs, usually housekeeping genes (central to metabolism). • Inducible expression = genes that are normally turned off but are expressed under certain conditions, e.g., to use new carbon/energy source (catabolism). • Repressible expression = genes that are normally expressed, but are turned off under certain circumstances, e.g., when sufficient quantities of a factor (such as an amino acid) is present (anabolism). • Operon = set of genes expressed from same polycistronic message that are expressed simultaneously. • Quorum sensing = control of gene expression based on bacterial density (i.e., existence of a quorum). Additional Terms/Concepts

  14. Link to Next Presentation

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