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1945-1960

1945-1960. Foreign Policy. Cold War. 1945-1990 Period of increasing tensions (short of war) between the US and the USSR. Containment Policy. The US policy of allowing the USSR to keep any gains, but not allowing them to gain any more Developed by George Kennan in his “Long Telegram”.

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1945-1960

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  1. 1945-1960 Foreign Policy

  2. Cold War • 1945-1990 • Period of increasing tensions (short of war) between the US and the USSR

  3. Containment Policy • The US policy of allowing the USSR to keep any gains, but not allowing them to gain any more • Developed by George Kennan in his “Long Telegram”

  4. Cold War Leaders Truman Eisenhower

  5. Cold War Leaders Stalin Khrushchev

  6. Iron Curtain • The dividing line between communist Eastern Europe and democratic Western Europe during the Cold War

  7. The Iron Curtain

  8. Satellite Nations • The Soviet-dominated nations of Eastern Europe

  9. Satellite Nations

  10. Truman Doctrine • An extension of the Containment Policy • Truman’s policy of helping any country wanting to break free of domination by another and move towards democracy

  11. Marshall Plan • An extension of the Containment Policy • Developed by Sec. of State George Marshall • Gave $12.5 to $13 billion in economic aid to European countries to rebuild their economies after WWII • Rationale?

  12. Secretary of StateGeorge C. Marshall

  13. Division of Germany

  14. Berlin Divided

  15. Berlin Blockade • democratic West Berlin was inside communist East Germany • Stalin wanted non-communists out of East Germany • USSR cut-off all ground/water access to Berlin

  16. Berlin Airlift • The US, British, and French airlifted food, coal, and supplies to the people of West Berlin • Stalin eventually failed and ended the blockade

  17. Two Germanys • The US, British, and French combined their occupation zones to create West Germany • The USSR created East Germany out of their occupation zone

  18. NATO • 16 Western European and North American countries • Mutual defense treaty • 1949

  19. Warsaw Pact • Soviet response to NATO • USSR and satellite nations • Mutual defense treaty

  20. CIA & KGB • Central Intelligence Agency • US information-gathering (spy) agency • Created in 1947 • KGB • Soviet spy agency

  21. Chinese Civil War/Revolution • Communists –vs- Nationalists • Mao tse-Tung –vs- Chiang kai-Shek • Communists win in 1949 • Nationalists flee to Taiwan (two Chinas)

  22. Chinese Leaders Mao Tse-Tung Chiang Kai-Shek

  23. United Nations • Created in 1945 to replace the League of Nations • US joined • Has a military force to back-up resolutions • Security Council and General Assembly

  24. Division of Korea • Japanese controlled Korea until 1945 • Korea divided at the 38th Parallel • USSR occupied northern Korea • Set-up a communist gov’t • Kim Il Sung • US occupied southern Korea • Set-up a non-communist gov’t • Syngman Rhee

  25. Korean Leaders Kim Il Sung Syngman Rhee

  26. Korean War • US and USSR leave Korea in 1949 • North Korea invades South Korea in June 1950 • US and UN forces help South Korea push back North Korean forces • China helps North Korea • War lasts three years

  27. Truman –vs- MacArthur • MacArthur was openly critical of the Commander-in-Chief • Truman fires MacArthur for insubordination

  28. Massive Retaliation • Eisenhower’s response to any nuclear attack on the US • If the USSR uses one, we will use all of ours • Later called MAD Policy

  29. Brinkmanship • The willingness to go to the brink of nuclear war to achieve a goal • Started under Eisenhower

  30. Cuban Leaders Fulgencio Batista Fidel Castro

  31. Cuban Revolution • US backs Batista • Castro has popular support • Batista flees the country • Castro regime is in power from 1959-present

  32. Hungarian Revolt • Hungary wants the right to drop out of the Warsaw Pact • Nikita Khrushchev sends in the tanks • Hungary is crushed • 1956 Olympic Water Polo Match

  33. Sputnik • Oct. 1957 • USSR launches 1st artificial satellite • Space race begins • Focus on Math and Science

  34. French Indochina -Vietnam -Cambodia -Laos

  35. Ho Chi Minh -Leader of the Viet Minh (1941-1954) -Leader of North Vietnam (1954-1969)

  36. Dien Bien Phu

  37. Geneva Conference Attendees Results France withdraws from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos Vietnam is divided at the 17th Parallel Unification elections are scheduled for 1956 • USSR • France • Great Britain • China • US

  38. Leaders of Divided Vietnam North Vietnam- Ho Chi Minh South Vietnam- Ngo Dinh Diem

  39. Domino Theory

  40. U-2 Incident • May 1, 1960 • U-2 spy plane shot down over the USSR • Pilot is captured alive • Khrushchev demands an apology

  41. Francis Gary Powers U-2 Spy Plane

  42. 1945-1960 Domestic Policy

  43. 1948 Election • Truman- Democrat • Dewey- Republican • Strom Thurmond- Dixiecrat

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