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Adding Event Variables to PropBank: Exploring Davidsonian and Neo-Davidsonian Representations

This paper discusses the integration of event variables into PropBank, emphasizing the distinctions between Davidsonian and Neo-Davidsonian representations. It examines how modifier tags correlate with events and identifies verbs that introduce event variables. The authors analyze arguments in various contexts, addressing topics like obligatory arguments and the roles of modifiers in event representation. Through examples, such as Mr. Bush's meeting and various actions, the paper illustrates the complexities of event states versus actions, providing insights into the representation of arguments in linguistic frameworks.

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Adding Event Variables to PropBank: Exploring Davidsonian and Neo-Davidsonian Representations

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  1. ADDING EVENT VARIABLES TO PROPBANK Olga Babko-Malaya, Martha Palmer, Paul Kingsbury, Nianwen Xue, Shijong Ryu October 30, 2003 DOD site visit

  2. An example Mr. Bush met himprivately, in White House, on Thursday. Rel: met Arg0: Mr. Bush Arg1: him ArgM-MNR: privately ArgM-LOC: in White House ArgM-TMP: on Thursday e meeting(e) & Arg0(e, Mr.Bush) & Arg1(e, he) & MNR(e, privately) & LOC(e, ‘in White House’) & TIME(e, ‘on Thursday’)

  3. Issues • Representation of arguments: davidsonian or neodavidsonian? • How are modifier tags related to events? • Which verbs introduce event variables?

  4. Representation of Arguments • Davidsonian representation: e meeting(e, Mr.Bush, he) & MNR(e, privately) & LOC(e, ‘in White House’) & TIME(e, ‘on Thursday’). • Neodavidsonian representation: e meeting(e) & Arg0(e, Mr.Bush) & Arg1(e, he) & MNR(e, privately) & LOC(e, ‘in White House’) & TIME(e, ‘on Thursday’).

  5. Difference: obligatoriness of arguments serve.01 "act, work": Arg0:worker Arg1:job, project Arg2:employer Each new trading roadblock is likely to be beaten by institutions seeking better ways *trace* to serve their high-volume clients. Arg0: *trace* -> institutions REL: serve Arg2: their high-volume clients • Davidsonian representation: ezserve(e, institutions, z, their high-volume clients) • Neodavidsonian representation: eserve(e)&Arg0(e, institutions)&Arg2(e, their high-volume clients)

  6. Issues • Representation of arguments: davidsonian or neodavidsonian? • How are modifier tags related to events? • Which verbs introduce event variables?

  7. Modifier Tags • Modifiers which predicate of events: MNR, TMP, LOC, DIR, CAU, PRP • Modifiers which are not predicates of events: ADV, NEG, PRD, DIS, MOD

  8. Modifiers which predicate of events • MNR: to manage businesses profitably • TMP: to run the company for 23 years • LOC: to use the notes on the test • DIR: to jump up • CAU: because of … • PRP: in order to …

  9. Problem1: Post States • TMP Bertha opened the window for 10 minutes a. e open(e) & Arg0(e, Bertha) &TMP(e,for 10 minutes) b. e e’ open(e) & Arg0(e, Bertha) & post(e, e’) & TMP(e’, for 10 minutes)

  10. Problem 2: Conjunction • TMP From 2 to 4, Lucas cleaned the bathroom and washed the dishes. a. e cleaning(e) & Arg0(e, Lucas) & Arg1(e, ‘the bathroom’) & TMP(e, ‘from 2 to 4’) & e’ washing(e’) & Arg0(e’, Lucas) & Arg1(e’, ‘the dishes’) & TMP(e’, ‘from 2 to 4’) b. e cleaning(e) & Arg0(e, Lucas) & Arg1(e, ‘the bathroom’) & e’ washing(e’) & Arg0(e’, Lucas) & Arg1(e’, ‘the dishes’) & TMP(ee’, ‘from 2 to 4’)

  11. Problem 3: Negation • TMP For the past five years, unions have not managed to win wage increases eTMP(e, ‘for the past five years’) & e’(e’<e & managing(e’) & Arg0(e’, unions) & Arg1(e’, ‘win wage increases’))

  12. Modifiers which do not predicate of events • ADV Once fat and happy, the Cowboys are now loosing games, fans and money. e loosing(e) & Arg0(e, ‘the Cowboys’) & TMP(e, now) & Arg1(e, ‘games, fans, and money’) & ADV(‘the Cowboys’, ‘once fat and happy’)

  13. Issues • Representation of arguments: davidsonian or neodavidsonian? • How are modifier tags related to events? • Which verbs introduce event variables?

  14. Events vs States • States: feel, know, want, like. - Stative verbs do not introduce event variables - Stative verbs introduce event variables • Stative verbs introduce a different type of variable

  15. Three Approaches to States • John knows the answer - know(John, the answer) - e knowing(e) & Arg0(e, John) & Arg1(e,‘the answer’) - s knowing(s) & Arg0(s, John) & Arg1(s,‘the answer’)

  16. Stative verbs co-occur with TMP, LOC and MNR • He did not know about most of these cases until Thursday • At the Pompano beach municipal stadium, Mr. Blair knows his power isn’t what it used to be. • It is widely known …

  17. Adding State Variables • But Conner isn’t standing still. e standing(e) & Arg1(e, Conner) & MNR(e, still) • As matters stand, … s standing(s) & Arg1(s,matters)

  18. Nombank Markable noun instances < 214, 000 tokens including: 101,000 verb nominals destruction, knowledge, aggression, anniversary 36,000 partitives: plenty, variety, dozens, set 15,000 environment noun instances: circumstance, context, universe, framework 15,000 relation nouns: accountant, bishop, parent, sibling

  19. ArgM-ADV • With communism collapsing, our interest lies in … • The television commercial really gets down to business • Treasures are just lying around, waiting to be picked up • Fortunately, the quake was over.

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