Spanish & American Architecture in the Philippines Prof. Samuel T. Ramos, Jr., MCM

1. Spanish & American Architecture in the PhilippinesProf. Samuel T. Ramos, Jr., MCM

2. Architecture in the Philippines today is the result of a natural growth enriched with the absorption of varied influences. It developed from the pre-colonial influences of our neighboring Malay brothers, continuing on to the Spanish colonial period, the American Commonwealth period, and the modern contemporary times. As a result, the Philippines has become an architectural melting pot-- uniquely Filipino with a tinge of the occidental.

3. Pre-colonial Architecture • The pre-colonial architecture of the Philippines consisted of the Nipa hut made from natural materials. A great variety of the Nipa hut exists over the Philippines.

4. Pre-Colonial Architecture • The bahay-kubo (nipa hut) is a typical traditional house found in most lowlands all over the Philippines. Originally built as a one-room dwelling, the nipa hut changed as family needs become more diverse.Modern urban dwellings, on the other hand, are typically two-story structures with a concrete ground floor, sides of brick, concrete blocks, or wooden slats, and an iron roof. During the 19th century, wealthy Filipinos built some fine houses, usually with solid stone foundations or brick lower walls, and overhanging, wooden upper story with balustrades and kapis shell sliding windows, and a tiled roof.

5. Philippine Architecture during the Spanish Colonial Period

6. Fort Santiago • Fort Santiago (Fuerza de Santiago) is a defense fortress built for Spanish conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi. The fort is part of the structures of the walled city of Intramuros, in Manila, Philippines. • The location of Fort Santiago was also once the site of the palace and kingdom of Rajah Suliman, chieftain of Manila of pre-Spanish era. It was destroyed by the conquistadors upon arriving in 1570, encountering several bloody battles with the Muslims and native Tagalogs. The Spaniards destroyed the native settlements and erected Fuerza de Santiago in 1571.

7. Intramuros • Intramuros, located along the southern bank of the Pasig River, was built by the Spaniards in the 16th century and is the oldest district of the city of Manila. Its name, taken from the Latin, intra muros, literally "Within the walls", meaning within the wall enclosure of the city/fortress, also describes its structure as it is surrounded by thick, high walls and moats. During the Spanish colonial period, Intramuros was considered Manila itself.

8. The Rizal house in Calamba, Laguna .Vigan, Ilocos Sur as well as Taal in Batangas have the best surviving Spanish quarters.

9. During three hundred years of Spanish colonialization the philippine architecture was dominated by the Spanish culture. During this period Intramurous, the walled city, of Manila, was built with its walls, houses, churches and fortresses. The Augustinian friars built a large number of grand churches all over the Philippine Islands. During this period the traditional Filipino "Bahay na Bato" style for the large mansion emerged. These were large houses built of stone and wood combining Filipino, Spanish and Chinese style elements. The best preserved examples of these houses can be found in Vigan , Ilocos Sur and Taal, Batangas.

10. Bahay na Bato • The , the Colonian Filipino House, is a mixture of native Filipino, Spanish and Chinese influences. In Vigan, Ilocos Sur, excellently preserved examples of the houses of the noble Filipinos can be admired. In Taal, Batangas, the main street is still ligned with examples of the traditional Filipino homes

11. Old Colonial houses in Vigan

12. Heritage houses in Taal

13. Colonial Churches • Philippine colonial churches are unique in their own sense. Some of the best preserved colonial churches in the country are found in the Ilocos Regions, as well as those in the provinces of Laguna and Batangas, as well as the Visayan islands of Panay, Cebu and Bohol.

14. Colonial Churches • Dr. Jose Rizal was baptized in this church on 22 June 1861 by Fr. Rufino Collantes. During World War II, the fleeing Japanese soldiers herded Calamba’s residents inside the church and then burned it down in what became known as the Calamba Massacre. The church was rebuilt after the war.

15. Colonial Churches • The Cathedral of San Pedro and San Pablo was started to be constructed in 1761. It is the biggest colonial church to be built by the Spanish in Cagayan and became the pattern of what is called as the “main Cagayan style” of Spanish churches in the province, and in Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela.

16. Colonial Churches • Binondo's Basilica of San Lorenzo Ruiz was first built sometime in the 18th century. It was damaged during the British invasion of 1762, repaired and improved, damaged again during the 1863 earthquake, repaired, and restored and improved from 1946 until 1971.

17. Baroque Churches in the Philippines --refers to four Spanish-era churches in the Philippines designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 1993.

18. Baroque Churches in the Philippines • The Baroque Churches have been at the forefront of Philippine history since their construction in the 1500s. During the time of Spanish colonial rule, the Church and State worked hand in glove. They had served the Catholic church in the archipelago and as the political backbone of Spanish colonial rule.

19. The unique design of the churches reflects the integration of Spanish and Latin American architecture to indigenous architecture of the Philippines, including a fusion with Chinese style. The Church's political power of that period manifests in the architecture. They had been designed to withstand attacks during revolts and rebellions, giving the Churches the appearance of fortresses.

20. The Baroque churches of the Philippines had been designed similar to the Spanish churches in America. They had the appearance of a fortress. Spain sought to protect itself from the native peoples (who had killed Ferdinand Magellan) and from the Muslims in the south. The formidable appearance outside the Church buildings hide the remarkable beauty and spirituality inside.

22. 4 most Prominent Baroque Churches • Church of San Agustin in Manila • Church of La Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur • Church of San Agustin in Paoay, Ilocos Norte • Church of Santo Tomas de Villanueva in Miag-ao, Iloilo

23. Church of San Agustine, Manila • The The Order of St. Agustine built the Church of San Agustine located inside the historic walled city of Intramuros in Manila. Completed by 1607,The Church of San Agustine constitutes the oldest church building in the Philippines.

24. Features

25. Church of La Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur • The Church of La Nuestra Señora de las Asuncion marked a departure from the traditional Spanish church building. Rather than setting the town church in the central plaza, the Augustinian mission chose to build the church and convento on a hill. A formidable defensive wall surrounds the structure. The builders, taking cues from the topography of the hill, set convento parallel to the front of the cathedral while building the bell-tower at the center of the sanctuary wall. That showed an adaptation to Philippine-Hispanic architecture.

26. Church of San Agustin in Paoay, Ilocos Norte • The first church was built in 1731 near the Tumagbok River three years before the arrival of the first Spanish priests. Moro pirates burned this in 1741 and another one was built in 1746. This was again looted and burned by marauding pirates and another one was built in 1787 this time on top of a hill called Tacas. The church was designed to serve as a fortress against frequent pirate raids and has withstood typhoons and earthquakes. It underwent restoration work in 1869, was razed during the Philippine Revolution of 1898 and the Filipino-American War of 1899, rebuilt but was again damaged by fire in 1910, repaired and damaged again by fire during the Japanese occupation

27. Church of Santo Tomas de Villanueva in Miag-ao, Iloilo • The Miag-ao Church, built in 1786 by Spanish Augustinian missionaries, had been declared as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Baroque Churches of the Philippines" in 1993. On the front facade, flanked by two watchtower belfries, the unique blending of Spanish and native influences manifests.

28. Philippine Architecture during the American Colonial Period

29. American Colonization • After the Spanish American war in 1898 the Americans took over rule of the Philippines until after the second world war. During this period the Americans constructed many Art Nouveaux buildings in Manila. In 1902 Judge William Howard Taft was appointed to head the Philippine Commission to evaluate the needs of the new territory. Taft, who later became the Philippines' first civilian Governor-General,decided that Manila, the capital, should be a planned town. He hired as his architect and city planner Daniel Hudson Burnham, who had built Union Station and the post office in Washington. In Manila, Mr. Burnham had in mind a long wide, tree-lined boulevard along the bay, beginning at a park area dominated by a magnificent hotel. To design, what is now known as, the Manila Hotel Taft hired , a New York architect, who envisioned an impressive, but comfortable hotel, along the lines of a California mission, but grander.The original design was an H-shaped plan that focused on well-ventilated rooms on two wings, providing grand vistas of the harbor, the Luneta, and Intramuros.

30. Manila Hotel

31. The Metropolitan Theatre • is an art deco building designed by the Filipino architect Juan M. de Guzman Arellano, and built in 1935. During the liberation of Manila by the Americans in 1945, the theatre we totally destroyed. After reconstruction by the Americans it gradually fell into disuse in the 1960’s. In the following decade it was meticulously restored but again fell into decay. Recently a bus station has been constructed at the back of the theatre. The City of Manila is planning a renovation of this once magnificent building.

32. The Metropolitan Theatre • The sculptures in the façade of the Theatre are from the Italian sculptor , who lived in Manila from 1930 until his death in 1958, and worked closely together with J.M. de Guzman Arellano. Highly stylized relief carving of Philippine plants executed by the artist decorate the lobby walls and interior surfaces of the building.

33. End.