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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. Blood Glucose. Blood Glucose. Glucose is the only sugar normally present in blood. Sources: From carbohydrate in diet. From liver glycogen by glycogenolysis. From glucogenic compounds by gluconeogenesis. Importance: Main energy source for brain
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Blood Glucose • Glucose is the only sugar normally present in blood. • Sources: • From carbohydrate in diet. • From liver glycogen by glycogenolysis. • From glucogenic compounds by gluconeogenesis. • Importance: • Main energy source for brain • Only energy source for exercising skeletal muscles and RBCs. • Precursor of milk sugar (lactose), Ribose for nucleotides, CHO portion of glycoprotein.
Blood Glucose • Insulin is the principle hormone affecting blood glucose level. • It's a small protein synthesized in β-cells of Langerhan's of pancreas. • Action: decrease BGL through: • It promotes: • - Glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissue • Glycolysis and glycogenesis • It’s antagonized by glucagon, epinephrine, glucocorticoid, thyroxin and growth hormones. • So BGL is a result of a balance between these endocrine forces.
Blood Glucose • Diabetes • It’s a Greek term means large urine volume with 2 types: • Diabetes insipidus, in which urine is tasteless. • Occurs due to deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). • Producing ployuria but without glucosuria. • 2. Diabetes mellitus, in which urine taste sweet
Blood Glucose Diabetes Diabetes mellitus
Blood Glucose Diabetes Symptoms: Hyperglycemia Glucosuria Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia Weight loss and weakness. Chronic complication of diabetes: Cataract Retinopathy Nephropathy Neuropathy
Blood Glucose Diabetes • Diagnosis: • 1. Random blood glucose (RBG): • Normal RBG is 60-140 mg/dl. • RBG > 200 mg/dl on 2 different occasions indicates DM. • 2. Fasting blood glucose (FBG): • Normal fasting blood glucose level is 70-100 mg/dl. • FBG > 120 mg/dl on 2 different occasions is diagnostic for DM. • 3. Postprandial blood glucose: • Normally < 120 mg/dl. • Levels > 200 mg/dl on 2 different occasions is indicative of DM.
Blood Glucose Diabetes Diagnosis: 4. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT):
Blood Glucose Diabetes • Long -term incidence of diabetes mellitus: • Glycosylated Hb • It reflects BGL over 2 months prior to its measurement, the half-life of hemoglobin. • Used to monitor the therapy. • Normal level: 4-8 % • 7% → indicates good diabetic control • 10% → indicates fair diabetic control • 13-20% → indicates poor diabetic control
Kidney Function Tests Determinationof Blood Glucose • PRINCIPLE: • Glucose Glucoseoxidase H2O2 + Gluconic acid • 2 H2O2 + Phenol + 4-amino-antipyrine • Peroxidase • ColouredQuinonemine + 4 H2O
Kidney Function Tests Serum Creatinine • PROCEDURE: • 1 ml Plasma Sample • + 1 ml Working reagent • Mix, incubate for 20 minutes • Pink color • (Measured at 510 nm)
