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The Consensus of the Fifties and Early Sixties

The Consensus of the Fifties and Early Sixties. The Affluent Decades. Consensus Eisenhower and Centrism Moderate Conservatism. 1959 Cadillac. Prosperity. GNP doubled between 1940 and 1950. Real personal income increased 50%. Unemployment was 5% or less.

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The Consensus of the Fifties and Early Sixties

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  1. The Consensus of the Fifties and Early Sixties

  2. The Affluent Decades • Consensus • Eisenhower and Centrism • Moderate Conservatism

  3. 1959 Cadillac

  4. Prosperity • GNP doubled between 1940 and 1950. • Real personal income increased 50%. • Unemployment was 5% or less. • 1950-64, Productivity grew 3.2% a year. • Wages outpaced prices 9 out of 11 years from 1953 to 1964, leading to more real income. • Many Working Class rise to middle-class lifestyle • 1955: AFL and CIO join to become the AFL-CIO. • Minorities prosper.

  5. Reshaping Urban America • The Service Economy • The Consumer Society • Credit: Consumer debt tripled between 1952 and 1964. • Rise of the Shopping Center • The Baby Boom • Urban Renewal • Interstate Highways:1956 Interstate and Defense Highway System Act

  6. Highway Cloverleaf

  7. Suburbs • Suburban Life • Organizations • Self-Focused

  8. Hispanic entertainers politicking for Governor Shivers in the 1950s

  9. Hispanics • Mexicans: 1900: 100,000. 1930: 1.25 million. 1942 to 1964, (4.5 million temporary workers) • Puerto Ricans: 301,000. • Cuba: • 1950-1960 -- 79,000 • 1960-1970: 208,000

  10. A 50s family

  11. More Suburban Life • Pressure to Marry • Television: • TV Sitcom Iconizes the Nuclear Family • Popular Entertainment: • TV • Romantic movies, musicals, and spectaculars • The Walt Disney Corporation • Dead Lemmings • Working Mothers vs Housekeepers?

  12. Youth Culture

  13. Inventing the Teenager • Extended Education and semi-autonomy • Rock and Roll • Technology: Radios and phonograph • The "Beats”: Jack Kerouac's On the Road • Youth Rebels:Rebel Without A Cause, Happy Days, Grease.

  14. Religion • Rising Religion: Church going rose from 48% in 1940 to 63% in 1960. • African-American Churches • Ecumenicism • The Gospel of Prosperity: John Kenneth Galbraith, in The Affluent Society (1958)

  15. John Foster Dulles, Sec. Of State and President Eisenhower

  16. Nikita Kruschev

  17. Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy • A Foreign Policy President • The Hidden Hand • Korea • Nikita Krushchev • Eisenhower’s Military Strategy • massive retaliation • Hydrogen Bombs • Sputnik • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) • The Missile Gap

  18. Meddling Abroad • Iran • Guatemala

  19. Conducting the Cold War • Summit Meetings • 1956 Hungary Uprising • Suez Crisis • Eisenhower Doctrine • U-2 Incident • The Problem of Decolonization

  20. Economic Problems • Unemployment: 7.7% rate or even worse. • Recessions: 1953-1954 and 1957-8.

  21. Elections of '56 and '58 • Adlai Stevenson Returns • Eisenhower Wins: 457 to 73, with a 9 million popular vote margin • 1957-8 problems: • 1958: Democrats scored a landslide victory. (283 seats to the Republican 153, with 1 independent) (Democrats retook the House in 1954, kept it until 1994).

  22. John F. Kennedy

  23. John F. Kennedy • Most Overrated of Overrated Presidents • Camelot • Election of 1960 • The Televised Debate • Narrow Victory • JFK: 34,220,984 / 303 EV • Nixon: 34,108,157 / 219 EV

  24. Economy • Early Success • The Steel Clash

  25. Kennedy’s Foreign Policy • Limited War. • Confrontationalism • Bay of Pigs: • Berlin Wall • Alliance For Progress • Hydrogen Bomb

  26. The Bay of Pigs

  27. Map of Cuba

  28. Soviet Missiles in Cuba

  29. Face-Off, JFK vs. Kruschchev

  30. Cuban Missile Crisis • Spring 1962: 2 batteries of 40 intermediate range nuclear missiles each are posted in Cuba. • Kennedy Responds • Blockade: October 1962 • Soviets Back Down • Results

  31. After the Missile Crisis • Project Mercury (1959-63) • Mercury-Atlas 6 flight on February 20, 1962 • Test Ban Treaty of 1963 • Dallas: November 23, 1963

  32. The Civil Rights Movement: Education • 1930s: DeanCharles Hamilton Houston • Smith v. Allwright (1944) • Earl Warren • Brown vs.Board of Education of Topeka (1954) • Southern Manifesto (1955) • Little Rock (1957 • Resistance

  33. Martin Luther King

  34. Civil Rights: Against Segregation • Montgomery, Alabama (1955): Martin Luther King • SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference. • Religious Anti-Segregation • Greensboro, NC: February 1, 1960

  35. Kennedy and Civil Rights • Kennedy and Civil Rights • The Freedom Riders • Media Coverage: • March on Washington: • I Have a Dream • Martyrdom

  36. “I have a dream”

  37. LBJ • Every citizen will be able, in his productive years when he is earning, to insure himself against the ravages of illness in his old age. -- LBJ

  38. Lyndon Baines Johnson • Optimism • Highly Productive • 'The Great Society'. • Origins • 1964: Barry Goldwater vs. LBJ • The Daisy Ad • The Election: Goldwater died in flames, 486-52 (43 to 27 million).

  39. The Great Society • 1964 Tax Cut • War on PovertyEducation • Medicare • Environmental • Civil Rights Act of 1964. • Voting Rights Act of 1965

  40. The Great Society (II) • Racial Conflict Steps Up • Black Power • Malcom X • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee • Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 • Political Stalemate

  41. The Warren Court • Gideon v. Wainright (1963) • Miranda v.Arizona (1966) • End of Obscenity • First Amendment • One Man, One Vote: Baker v. Carr (1962)

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