Architectural Styles

2. Chapter 1 Architectural Styles

3. Objectives • Describe traditional architectural styles used in the United States. • Explain how social and cultural ideas influence architecture. • Explain the historical design influences on today’s residential homes. • Identify types of multifamily housing. • Describe current trends in architecture.

4. Introduction • The study of architecture encompasses: • A sensitivity to design • Skill in drawing techniques • A knowledge of construction • Awareness of technological advancements • Good knowledge of architectural style

5. American Architectural Styles • Native American homes • American Colonial homes • Romantic styles • Victorian styles • Period home styles

6. Native American Homes • Wigwam • Tipi • Longhouse • Adobe • Earthen house

7. Adobe • Pueblo Indians in the Southwest built homes made of adobe brick, stone, earth, and timber • Homes were flat-roofed, with multiple stories • Adobe dwellings later inspired Spanish Colonial, Spanish Eclectic, southwestern, and eco-friendly housing styles

8. American Colonial Homes • Log home • Saltbox • Cape Cod • Tidewater • Spanish Colonial • Georgian • Federal/Adam

9. Log Home

10. Saltbox • “Lean-to” structure added more living space • Low, slanting roof gave house a distinctive shape • Resembled the shape of a box used during Colonial period for keeping salt and other sundries

11. Cape Cod • Gable roof • Central chimney located in line with the front door • Eaves line near top of windows that flank entrance • Same features incorporated into houses today

12. Tidewater

13. Spanish Colonial • Thick walls made of adobe brick or rubble stone • Few windows • Multiple doors • Pitched or flat roof • Interior and exterior walls covered with mud or lime plaster, whitewash, or cement stucco

14. Georgian • Introduced into America through the use of pattern books

15. Georgian • Introduced into America through the use of pattern books

16. Federal/Adam • Symbolizes period just after American Revolution • Inspired by classical Greek and Roman architecture • Symmetrical, multistory • Low-pitched or flat roof • Entrance centered on front facade

17. Romantic Styles • Romanticism was a new social movement • Focused on nature, antiquity, emotion, individuality, democracy, and art • Main architectural styles were Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, and Italianate

18. Greek Revival

19. Gothic Revival • Common features: • Steeply pitched, cross-gabled roof with decorative gable trim • Gothic, or pointed, arch in window extending into gable area • Finials at top of gables to accentuate roof

20. Italianate • Wood-frame or masonry • Square or rectangular, with two or three stories • Flat, low-pitched roof • Wide, overhanging eaves supported by decorative brackets • Entryway had arched double doors, small porch

21. Victorian Styles • The Victorian period occurred during the Industrial Revolution, from 1860 to 1900 • Homes were very ornate • Common styles included Second Empire, Stick, and Queen Anne

22. Second Empire • Most distinctive feature was the mansard roof

23. Stick • Used exterior wall surface as decorative element • Exposed horizontal, vertical, and diagonal boards • Steeply pitched roof • Exposed roof trusses and rafter ends • Wood clapboards or shingles • Patterned masonry

24. Queen Anne • Asymmetrical forms • Steeply pitched roof • Projecting gables • Patterned shingles and masonry • Massive chimneys • Stucco • Half timbers • Wraparound porch

25. Period Home Styles • A period home represented the past, when the virtues of tradition were important • Popular period styles include Colonial Revival, Spanish Eclectic, and Tudor Revival

26. Colonial Revival • Borrowed features from early Colonial period • Rectangular shape, with one-story wing • Rectangular, double-hung windows, grouped in pairs • Centrally located door, decorated with pediment • Covered porch or portico

27. Spanish Eclectic • Mixture of decorative elements from multiple eras made the style “eclectic”

28. Tudor Revival • Wood-frame structure covered with stucco, brick, stone, or wood, often with half-timbering

29. 20th Century Styles • Modernism strove to bring back quality of life through craftsmanship • Styles included Craftsman, Prairie, Art Deco, Art Moderne, International, Ranch, Postmodern, and Neomodern

30. Craftsman Period • Lasted from 1860 to 1930 • Mail-order houses sold as affordable, mass-produced, unassembled houses in do-it-yourself kits • Two basic Craftsman styles were foursquare and bungalow

31. Craftsman Foursquare

32. Craftsman Bungalow

33. Prairie • Style blended in with Midwest prairie landscape • Rectangular, one or two story • Flat or low-hipped roof with wide overhanging eaves • Horizontal lines, natural building materials created harmony with surroundings

34. Art Deco • Smooth surfaces, geometric shapes, projections having strong vertical or horizontal lines

35. Art Moderne • Asymmetrical, smooth surfaces, curved corners, flat roof, few decorative features

36. International

37. Ranch • Long, low, rectangular, one-story house style • Low-pitched, gabled roof, with wide overhanging eaves • Traditionally built on slab, no basement

38. Postmodern • Postmodernism reintroduced decoration

39. Neomodern • Same basic principles as International style • Emphasizes form and function • Rejects the use of decoration and elements borrowed from past architectural styles

40. Architecture Green • Green design • Many architects and designers incorporate green design and sustainability into their work • Goal of green design is to create buildings that conserve resources while being “environmentally friendly” • Sustainability is the ability to last a long time without having a negative impact on the environment and future generations of people

41. Residential Architecture Today • Contemporary and modern houses are current but do borrow features from traditional styles • Needs and finances of family dictate type and style of housing • Architect must meet client’s needs

42. Multifamily Housing • Accommodates more than one family unit • Includes: • Cooperatives • Condominiums • Townhouses • Apartments

43. Cooperative • A type of ownership • Residents are stockholders • Advantages: affordability, community control • Disadvantages: excessive record keeping, lengthy decision-making process, conflicts between stockholders, bad decisions affect all stockholders

44. Employability • Keeping up with architectural trends • Architectural field changes constantly • Employers seek job candidates who keep up with trends • Keep knowledge up-to-date by using a variety of sources, from Internet searches to trade journals to professional society memberships • Evaluate sources for reliability and reputation

45. Condominium • Owner buys a unit and share of common ground • Common property is maintained through association fees paid by owners • Advantages: pride of ownership, ability to gain equity • Disadvantages: privacy, association fees, maintenance and repair fees

46. Townhouse • Connected to other houses by a common wall • Buyer purchases unit and the land it sits on • Owner’s responsibility to maintain unit, including any yard

47. Apartment • Rentable living space • Apartments can be found in many types of building • Advantages: affordability, range of amenities, styles, and price ranges, require little upkeep or maintenance • Disadvantages: loss of control over living space

48. Trends in Architecture • Increased use of environmentally friendly building materials and construction techniques • Sustainable housing