1. Chapter 1 Outline: Introduction and History of Microbiology

2. Define: Microbiology – the study of little life forms Microbe, microorganism, agent -- microbe = microorganisms and nonliving agents -- microorganism = small organism -- agent – nonliving entity studied in microbiology Germ, pathogen -- disease-causing microbe

3. List several ways in which microbes affect us: • Photosynthesis • Nitrogen fixing • Break down wastes/organic matter • Part of normal flora on/in our bodies • Used to produce food: yogurt, bread, wine, etc. • Make vaccines, insulin, enzymes • Bioremediation: cleaning up pollution, ex. Oil spills • Pathogens

4. Photosynthetic cyanobacteria

5. Nitrogen fixing N2 amino acids (used to build proteins)

6. Break down wastes/organic matter

7. Normal flora (microbiota)

8. Foods produced by microbes

9. Making products Bacterial chromosome • Example: + Human insulin gene E. coli Human insulin gene inserted into chromosome Human insulin

10. Bioremediation Alaska-in-pictures.com http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/bioremediation-project-3253-pictures.htm

11. Naming and classifying microbes Naming Organisms Scientific names 2 parts genus + specific epithet = species name underlined or in italics genus capitalized; specific epithet not Non-living (like viruses and prions) Usually named for disease, condition

12. Classifying Organisms 3 Domains: Eubacteria (true bacteria, includes pathogens) Archaea (archaebacteria, live in extreme env.) Eukarya (plants, animals, fungi, protistans) Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes Non-living (viruses) Based on characteristics, such as DNA vs. RNA

14. Virus classification • Type of nucleic acid • Ds (double-stranded) or ss (single-stranded) • Enveloped vs. non-enveloped • Shape

15. Types of microbes studied in microbiology: 1. bacteria: prokaryotic unicellular peptidoglycan cell wall divide by binary fission

18. Figure 1.1a

19. 2. viruses: acellular nucleic acid + protein coat (capsid) parasitic in host cells

23. 3. fungi: eukaryotic secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients molds, yeasts, etc.

24. Figure 1.1b

25. 4. protists (sometimes called protozoans): eukaryotic unicellular classified by means of movement, ex. Amoeba

28. Figure 1.1d

29. Giardia movie clip • 1_13_giardia.mov.zip

30. 5. helminths: multicellular worms – usually diagnosed by microscopy ex. Tapeworms, pinworms

32. 6. prions: infectious proteins newly discovered Ex. Mad Cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, scrapie, kuru

33. Normal protein and prion

34. 7. the immune system: body’s response to pathogen action of pathogen humoral vs. cellular immunity (antibodies) (T cells—virally infected cells, cancer)

35. Figure 1.1e

36. Antibodies attaching to bacterium

37. T cells

38. Branches of microbiology: • Bacteriology • Virology • Mycology • Parasitology • Molecular biology • Immunology

39. History of microbiology Ancient times Production/preservation of foods Embalming 1600s to 1800 Robert Hooke and his “cells” of cork Antony van Leeuwenhoek sees first living “animalcules” Francesco Redi and his jars of meat (starts to disprove spontaneous generation) Edward Jenner and the first vaccine (against smallpox)

40. Figure 1.2 - Overview

41. courtesy of CDC/ Jean Roy Public Health Image Library

42. History of microbiology 1800s Louis Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation with swan neck flasks His other work: Fermentation processes caused by microbes Wine industry and pasteurization (control of microbes) Silkworm disease caused by protozoan Rabies vaccine and Joseph Meister Isolation of viruses by filtration through porcelain

43. Figure 1.3 - Overview

44. Bacillus anthracis Courtesy of CDC/ Dr. William A. Clark Public Health Image Library

45. A case of cutaneous anthrax Courtesy of CDC Public Health Image Library

46. History of microbiology The Germ Theory Robert Koch (“coke”) and Bacillus anthracis diseases had been associated with bad/immoral behavior, punishment from God, evil spells, swamp vapors, etc. … not microbes…until Koch Koch’s Postulates: 1. Disease and microbe must always be present together in host. 2. Isolate microbe in pure culture. 3. Infect new, healthy host with microbe from pure culture and produce disease again. 4. Reisolate microbe from 2nd host in pure culture. (Development of agar and establishment of pure cultures were crucial to Koch’s Postulates.)

47. Robert Koch 1843-1910

48. History of microbiology Joseph Lister: surgeon who first sterilized surgical instruments and wounds Ignaz Semmelweis: hand hygiene prevents childbed fever

49. Semmelweis’ Hand Hygiene Intervention Hand Hygiene: Not a New Concept ~ Hand antisepsis reduces the frequency of patient infections ~ Adapted from: Hosp Epidemiol Infect Control, 2nd Edition, 1999.