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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis. Chapter Outline. 2.1 Firms’ Disclosure of Financial Information 2.2 The Balance Sheet or Statement of Financial Position 2.3 The Income Statement 2.4 The Statement of Cash Flows 2.5 Other Financial Statement Information

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis

  2. Chapter Outline 2.1 Firms’ Disclosure of Financial Information 2.2 The Balance Sheet or Statement of Financial Position 2.3 The Income Statement 2.4The Statement of Cash Flows 2.5Other Financial Statement Information 2.6 Financial Statement Analysis 2.7 Financial Reporting in Practice

  3. Learning Objectives • List the four major financial statements produced by public companies, define each of the four statements, and explain why each of these financial statements is valuable. • Discuss the difference between book value of shareholders’ equity and market value of shareholders’ equity; explain why the two numbers are almost never the same.

  4. Learning Objectives Compute the following measures, and describe their usefulness in assessing firm performance: the debt-equity ratio, the enterprise value, earnings per share, operating margin, net profit margin, accounts receivable days, accounts payable days, inventory days, interest coverage ratio, return on equity, return on assets, price-earnings ratio, and market-to-book ratio.

  5. Learning Objectives • Discuss the uses of the DuPont identity in disaggregating ROE, and assess the impact of increases and decreases in the components of the identity on ROE. • Describe the importance of ensuring that valuation ratios are consistent with one another in terms of the inclusion of debt in the numerator and the denominator.

  6. Learning Objectives • Distinguish between cash flow, as reported on the statement of cash flows, and accrual-based income, as reported on the income statement; discuss the importance of cash flows to investors, relative to accrual-based income. • Explain what is included in the management discussion and analysis section of the financial statements that cannot be found elsewhere in the financial statements.

  7. Learning Objectives • Explain the importance of the notes to the financial statements. • List and describe the financial scandals described in the text, along with the new legislation designed to reduce that type of fraud.

  8. 2.1 Firms’ Disclosure of Financial Information Financial Statements Firm-issued accounting reports with past performance information Filed with the relevant listing authority Must also send an annual report with financial statements to shareholders

  9. 2.1 Firms’ Disclosure of Financial Information (cont'd) Preparation of Financial Statements Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) - International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Auditor Neutral third party that checks a firm’s financial statements

  10. 2.1 Firms’ Disclosure of Financial Information (cont'd) Types of Financial Statements Balance Sheet or Statement of Financial Position Income Statement Statement of Cash Flows Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

  11. 2.2 Balance Sheet or Statement of Financial Position A snapshot in time of the firm’s financial position The Balance Sheet Equation: Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders’ Equity

  12. 2.2 Balance Sheet or Statement of Financial Position(cont'd) Assets What the company owns Liabilities What the company owes Shareholder’s Equity The difference between the value of the firm’s assets and liabilities

  13. 2.2 Balance Sheet or Statement of Financial Position(cont'd) Assets Current Assets: Cash or expected to be turned into cash in the next year Cash Marketable Securities Accounts Receivable Inventories Other Current Assets Example: Pre-paid expenses

  14. 2.2 Balance Sheet or Statement of Financial Position(cont'd) Assets Non-current Assets Net Property, Plant, & Equipment Depreciation (and Accumulated Depreciation) Book Value (or carrying amount) = Acquisition cost – Accumulated depreciation Goodwill and intangible assets Amortization or impairment charge Other Non-current Assets Example: Investments in Long-term Securities

  15. Table 2.1 Vodafone Group Plc Balance Sheet for 2012 and 2011

  16. 2.2 Balance Sheet or Statement of Financial Position (cont'd) Liabilities Current Liabilities: Due to be paid within one year Accounts Payable Short-Term Debt/Notes Payable Current Maturities of Non-current (Long-Term) Debt Other Current Liabilities Taxes Payable Wages Payable

  17. 2.2 Balance Sheet or Statement of Financial Position (cont'd) Net Working Capital Current Assets – Current Liabilities

  18. 2.2 Balance Sheet or Statement of Financial Position (cont'd) Liabilities Non-current (Long-Term) Liabilities Long-Term Debt Capital Leases Deferred Taxes

  19. Table 2.1 (cont'd) Vodafone Group Plc Balance Sheet for 2012 and 2011

  20. 2.2 Balance Sheet or Statement of Financial Position(cont'd) Shareholder’s Equity Book Value of Equity Book Value of Assets – Book Value of Liabilities Could possibly be negative Many of the firm’s valuable assets may not be captured on the balance sheet

  21. 2.2 Balance Sheet or Statement of Financial Position(cont'd) Market Value Versus Book Value Market Value of Equity (Market Capitalization) Market Price per Share x Number of Shares Outstanding Cannot be negative Often differs substantially from book value

  22. 2.2 Balance Sheet or Statement of Financial Position(cont'd) Market Value Versus Book Value Market-to-Book Ratio aka Price-to-Book Ratio Value Stocks Low M/B ratios Growth stocks High M/B ratios

  23. 2.2 Balance Sheet or Statement of Financial Position(cont'd) Enterprise Value aka Total Enterprise Value (TEV)

  24. Textbook Example 2.1

  25. Textbook Example 2.1 (cont'd)

  26. Alternative Example 2.1 Problem Rylan Enterprises has 5 million shares outstanding. The market price per share is $22. The firm’s book value of equity is $50 million. What is Rylan’s market capitalization? How does the market capitalization compare to Rylan’s book value of equity?

  27. Alternative Example 2.1 Solution Rylan’s market capitalization is $110 million 5 million shares × $22 share = $110 million. The market capitalization is significantly higher than Rylan’s book value of equity of $50 million.

  28. 2.3 The Income Statement Total Sales/Revenues minus Cost of Sales equals Gross Profit

  29. 2.3 The Income Statement (cont'd) Gross Profit minus Operating Expenses Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses R&D Depreciation & Amortization equals Operating Income

  30. 2.3 The Income Statement (cont'd) Operating Income plus/minus Other Income/Other Expenses equals Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)

  31. 2.3 The Income Statement (cont'd) Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) plus/minus Interest Income/Interest Expense equals Pre-Tax Income

  32. 2.3 The Income Statement (cont'd) Pre-Tax Income minus Taxes equals Net Income

  33. Table 2.2 Vodafone Group Plc Income Statement for 2012 and 2011

  34. 2.3 The Income Statement (cont'd) Earnings per Share Share (Stock) Options Convertible Bonds Dilution Diluted EPS

  35. 2.4 The Statement of Cash Flows Net Income typically does NOT equal the amount of cash the firm has earned. Non-Cash Expenses Depreciation and Amortization Uses of Cash not on the Income Statement Investment in Property, Plant, and Equipment

  36. 2.4 The Statement of Cash Flows (cont'd) Three Sections Operating Activity Investing Activity Financing Activity

  37. 2.4 The Statement of Cash Flows (cont'd) Operating Activity Adjusts net income by all non-cash items related to operating activities and changes in net working capital Accounts Receivable – deduct the increases Accounts Payable – add the increases Inventories – deduct the increases

  38. 2.4 The Statement of Cash Flows (cont'd) Investing Activity Capital Expenditures Buying or Selling Marketable Securities Financing Activity Payment of Dividends Retained Earnings = Net Income – Dividends Changes in Borrowings

  39. Table 2.3Vodafone Group Plc Statement of Cash Flows for 2012 and 2011

  40. Textbook Example 2.2

  41. Textbook Example 2.2 (cont'd)

  42. 2.5 Other Financial Statement Information Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity Change in Shareholders’ Equity = Retained Earnings + Net sale of shares = Net Income – Dividends + Sale of shares - Repurchase of shares

  43. 2.5 Other Financial Statement Information Management Discussion and Analysis Off-Balance Sheet Transactions Notes to the Financial Statements

  44. Textbook Example 2.3

  45. Textbook Example 2.3 (cont'd)

  46. Alternative Example 2.3 Problem HJ Heinz Company reported the following sales revenues by category: What was the percentage growth for each category? If Heinz has the same percentage growth from 2012 to 2013, what will its total revenues be in 2013?

  47. Alternative Example 2.3 Solution Ketchup and Sauces ($5,233 ÷ $4,608) − 1 = 13.56% Meals and Snacks ($4,480 ÷ $4,282) − 1 = 4.62% Infant/Nutrition ($1,232 ÷ $1,175) − 1 = 4.85% Other ($705 ÷ $641) − 1 = 9.98% Total ($11,650 ÷ $10,706 ) − 1 = 8.82%

  48. Alternative Example 2.3 Solution (continued) Estimated 2013 Total Revenue $11,650 × (1 + 8.82%) $11,650 × 1.0882 = $12,677

  49. 2.6 Financial Statement Analysis Used to: Compare the firm with itself over time Compare the firm to other similar firms

  50. 2.6 Financial Statement Analysis (cont'd) Profitability Ratios Gross Margin Operating Margin

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