THE RISE OF ISLAM ISLAM SPREADS GOLDEN AGE OF MUSLIM CIVILIZATION MUSLIMS IN INDIA

1. THE MUSLIM WORLD • THE RISE OF ISLAM • ISLAM SPREADS • GOLDEN AGE OF MUSLIM CIVILIZATION • MUSLIMS IN INDIA • THE OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES

2. THE RISE OF ISLAM • Islam was founded on the Arabian Peninsula in the year 622 by the Prophet Muhammad • Muhammad was born in Mecca in the year 570 • Muhammad claimed Allah came to him in his dreams and told him how he wanted people to live on earth • The revelations continued until Muhammad’s death in 632 • Hijra: in 622 Muhammad and his followers fled to Medina in fear of persecution by Mecca’s leaders (marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar)

4. MAJOR BELIEFS • Islam means “submission to the will of God” • 5 Pillars • Declaration of Faith: there is only one god and Muhammad is his messenger • Daily Prayer: pray five times a day facing the holy city of Mecca • Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan • Paying alms – charity to the poor • Hajj: make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your lifetime, if able • Mosque: Muslim house of worship • Kaaba: it is believed to be the very first house of worship built by Abraham

6. MAJOR BELIEFS Jihad: struggle in God’s service; can be interpreted differently • Spiritual effort to overcome immorality within themselves • Used warfare to spread or defend Islam Quran: the sacred text of Islam • Final authority on all matters & complete guide to life Sharia: body of law that interpreted the Quran and applied its teachings to daily life • Regulates moral conduct, business practices, family life, government • Does not separate religious matters from criminal or civil law – Applies the Quran to all legal matters

7. THE DEATH OF MUHAMMAD • Muhammad died in 632 C.E. without naming a successor (caliph) • This caused conflict that continues to today • Abu Bakr(a close companion of Muhammad) succeeded him • The Muslims began expanding their authority over Arab communities • Caliph (king) and Caliphate (kingdom)

8. 2 SECTS EMERGE • True Believer – a person who heard, believed, and followed Muhammad • The first 3 caliphs were true believers and/or companions of Muhammad • Ali (Muhammad’s cousin) was overlooked all 3 times • The third caliph was assassinated by people who believed Ali should be caliph rather than just anyone in the Muslim community • 2 sects (small religious group) emerge: • Sunnis • Shiites

9. SUNNIS VS. SHIITES SUNNIS • Make up 90% of Muslim population • Believe that the caliph can be any true believer in the Muslim community • Supported the first 3 caliphs SHIITES • Make up 10% of Muslim population • Believe that the caliph must be a descendent of Muhammad, not any true believer • Supported Ali CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN THE SUNNIS AND SHIITES – THEY WAGE JIHAD AGAINST EACH OTHER

10. THE SPREAD OF ISLAM • Muslims spread Islam through force – theQuran or the Sword! • Islam spread to the Middle East, North Africa, Spain, and India • When and Where? • 600’s(Before the death of Muhammad): Arabian Peninsula • 600’s(After the death of Muhammad): present day Egypt, Iraq & Iran • 700’s-800’s: Spain, North Africa, & India • 800’s-1200’s: present day Turkey and Saharan Africa

11. THE CALIPHATE • Caliph (king); Caliphate (kingdom) • After Ali was assassinated, the Umayyad Caliphate rose to power and ruled from Damascus, Syria • Umayyad Caliphate was Sunni and ruled until 750 • The Umayyad caliphs ruled over an Arab realm rather than a religious empire • The Abbasid Caliphate gained power by revolting against the Umayyads in 750 • The Abbasid Caliphate was Shiite and ruled until 1258 with Baghdad as its capital • Conversion to Islam accelerated under the Abbasid caliphs • In 1258, the Abbasid Caliphate collapsed when the Mongols invaded and sacked Baghdad

12. GOLDEN AGE OF MUSLIM CIVILIZATION SOCIETY • Social mobility – people could improve their social ranking through religious, scholarly, and military achievements • Muslims could not be enslaved • Slaves were brought in from conquered lands

13. GOLDEN AGE OF MUSLIM CIVILIZATION ISLAMIC WOMEN • Rural women worked in the fields and tended animals • Urban women (elite class) lived in seclusion and did not leave their homes without covering themselves • Women sometimes learned to read and write with relatives (away from unrelated men) • A man could marry as many as four wives

14. GOLDEN AGE OF MUSLIM CIVILIZATION TRADE • Merchants were honored because Muhammad was a merchant • Participated in many trade networks across the Muslim world • Camel Caravan trade across the Sahara Desert into West Africa • Silk Road trade to and from China • Indian Ocean trade with East Africa and India

16. GOLDEN AGE OF MUSLIM CIVILIZATION ACHIEVEMENTS • Brought Arabic numerals from India to the western world • Adapted domes and arches of Byzantine buildings (Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem) • Built domed mosques • Baghdad became the greatest Muslim center of learning • Developed algebra • Made advancements in philosophy and astronomy • Made advancements in medicine • Required doctors to pass difficult tests • Set up hospitals with emergency rooms • Studied diseases and wrote medical books • These achievements made its way into Western civilization through trading routes and the Crusades

17. MUSLIMS IN INDIA THE DELHI SULTANATE • Arabs conquered the Indus Valley in 711, but they further advanced into India around the year 1000 • They conquered the city of Delhi and made the city its capital • The Delhi Sultanate lasted from 1206-1526 and marked the start of Muslim rule in Northern India • Sultanate: the land ruled by a sultan • Sultan: Muslim ruler

18. MUSLIMS IN INDIA HINDUS AND MUSLIMS • The Muslim invasion brought two very different religions and cultures face to face • Hindus became second-class citizens under the Muslims • Hindus had to pay a special tax in order for them to practice their religion • Some Hindus did convert to Islam • This marked the beginning of a long history of Hindu-Muslim conflict

19. MUSLIMS IN INDIA MUGHAL INDIA • Mughal Empire was founded by Babur in 1526 • Chief builder of the Mughal Empire was Babur’s grandson, Akbar the Great • Akbar the Great • Tolerated the religious beliefs of others and opened government jobs to Hindus of all castes • He ended the tax on non-Muslims • He used paid officials in place of hereditary office holders • Modernized the army • Encouraged international trade

20. MUSLIMS IN INDIA MUGHAL INDIA • After the rule of Akbar the Great • Mughal Emperors ended the policy of religious toleration • Civil war broke out between Hindus and Muslims • The war drained Mughal resources • Peasant revolts • Corruption became widespread and the central government collapsed • After the collapse of the Mughal Empire, Britain gained control of India • They used an army of British troops and sepoys to drive the French from India • Forced the emperor to recognize British right to collect taxes in Bengal

21. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE RISE TO POWER • It was clear that the caliphate was weak in the 14th century • A Turkish family, the Ottomans, revolted against the Caliphate and were able to get their independence • Eventually, the Ottoman Turks brought the Arab Empire entirely under their control • Conquered Constantinople in 1453 • The Ottomans were Sunni Muslims • Ottoman rulers took the titles of both the sultan and the caliph (example: Suleiman the Magnificent) • The Turks were despised rulers because they had one foot in Europe and one foot in the Middle East

22. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE SOCIETY • Non-Muslims were divided into millets (religious communities) – each had its own religious leaders • Each millet had to swear its allegiance to the Sultan and pay taxes • The Ottoman millet system can be compared to British colonies and Roman provinces • DIVIDE AND RULE!!!

23. THE SAFAVID EMPIRE • Located in present day Iran • Located between the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire • Shiite Muslims • Engaged in frequent warfare – religion always played a major role – Sunni Ottoman Empire vs. Shiite Safavid Empire

24. THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES