James Buchanan

1. James Buchanan • Dates in Office: 1857–1861 • Nicknames: Ten-Cent Jimmie • Political Party: Democrat • Major Events: • Pony Express • Dred Scott v. Sanford • Southern Secession • Establishment of the Confederate States of America (CSA)

2. Blue and Grey The Civil War

3. Secession and the Confederacy America Divides

4. Lincoln’s Inheritance • The election of Lincoln to the Presidency prompted South Carolina to secede from the union. • Identified with the revolutionaries that fought against the tyrannical King George III • Inherited a “union” where 7 states had already left and 8 more stood on the brink • Felt secession was impractical since the south could not geographically separate Peace out, suckas!

5. South Carolina… Starting stuff again! • Lincoln notifies the Confederacy that he is sending supplies to Fort Sumter in Charleston. • CSA took the move as an act of aggression, and fired upon Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, marking the beginning of the Civil War.  • Three more states seceded after the attack on Fort Sumter.  • Lincoln now had a reason for an armed response, and he called upon the Union states to supply militiamen.

6. The Confederate States of America • The capital was relocated from Alabama to Richmond, Virginia • Jefferson Davis was elected president of the Confederate States National Flag of the CSA Battle Flag of the CSA

7. Brothers Blood and Border Blood • Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia were the Border States.  • The Border States contained the Ohio River, a vital necessity for both the North and the South. • The official statement that Lincoln made for war was to fight to preserve the Union, not to end slavery.

8. Brothers Blood and Border Blood • The Five Civilized Tribes sided with the Confederacy.  These tribes were allowed to send delegates to the Confederacy congress.  Most of the Plains Indians sided with the Union.

9. Brothers Blood and Border Blood Johnny Reb Billy Yank The Civil War was, unfortunately, a brothers’ war. The war pitted brother against brother, fathers against sons, cousins, uncles, and friends on opposite sides. This created a unique atmosphere on the battlefield and in the encampments, as well as at home.

10. Two Brothers Two brothers on their wayTwo brothers on their wayTwo brothers on their wayOne wore blueAnd one wore greyOne wore blue and one wore greyAs they marched along the wayA fife and drum began to playAll on a beautiful morningOne was gentle, one was kindOne was gentle, one was kindOne came home, one stayed behindA cannonball don't pay no mindA cannonball don't pay no mindIf you're gentle or if you're kindIt don't think of the folks behindAll on a beautiful morning All on a beautiful morning

11. WAR!

12. The Balance of Forces • Southern Scorecard • Physically prepared for war • Had a defined reason for fighting • Better military leaders: Robert E. Lee • Lacked supplies for war • Southern troops could not be forced to fight • Northern Scorecard • Well supplied for war – ¾ of RR and factories • Had a standing army and navy • Had an existing government and money system • Poor military leaders and strategies • Lacked motivation to fight

13. The Balance of Forces – The South • Robert E. Lee • Member of the FFV; Great-great grandson of Richard Henry Lee, introduced the resolution for American independence • Graduated second in his class from West Point • Lincoln’s first choice to lead the Union army • Most successful tactician of the war • “Stonewall” Jackson • Very little formal education, but worked his way up the ranks at West Point to finish 17th in his class • One of the most gifted tactical commanders in US history; master of speed and deception • Earned his nickname at the First Battle of Manassas when he stood firm against a crushing Union assault

14. Britain would not break the Northern blockade, because if it had, it would have lost the grain from the North. Dethroning King Cotton • The South counted on foreign intervention to win the war. • The common people of Britain supported the North, hoping to extinguish slavery (which had been outlawed in British territories).  • The British manufacturers depended upon cotton from the South, As Union armies penetrated the South, they sent cotton to Britain.  King Wheat and King Corn, which were produced great quantities in the North, proved to be more powerful than King Cotton. 

15. The Trent Affair • A Union warship stopped a British mail steamer, the Trent, and removed 2 Confederate diplomats who were heading to Europe.  • Britain started to send troops to Canada in retaliation, but the situation was ended when President Lincoln freed the Confederate prisoners. • Britain shipyards were unknowingly producing Confederate commerce-raiders.  The British ships left their ports unarmed, picked up arms elsewhere, and captured Union ships.  One notable ship was the Alabama.

16. Foreign Flare-Ups • In 1863, two Confederate warships were being constructed in the British shipyard of John Laid and Sons.  Their large iron rams would have destroyed the Union blockade.  To avoid infuriating the North, the London government bought the ships for the Royal Navy. • The British established the Dominion of Canada in 1867.  It was partly designed to strengthen the Canadians against the possible vengeance of the United States. 

17. President Davis versus President Lincoln • Davis • Southern states could secede from the Confederacy.  • Some state troops refused to serve outside their borders. • Often had disputes with his own congress.  • Lincoln • Enjoyed a well-established government that was financially stable and fully recognized at home and abroad. PWNED

18. Bell Ringer • Which side do you think was better prepared for the war at the beginning and why?

19. The Economic Stresses of War • The North increased tariffs and excise taxes to financially support the war.  It also created the first income tax.  • Morrill Tariff Act (1861):  A high protective tariff that increased duties 5%-10%.  The increases were designed to raise additional revenue and provide more protection for the prosperous manufacturers.  A protective tariff became identified with the Republican Party.

20. The Economic Stresses of War • The U.S. Treasury issued green-backed paper money, backed by the nation's fluctuating gold supply.  Hence, the value of the greenback was constantly changing. • In 1863, Congress authorized the National Banking System.  Banks who joined the National Banking System could buy government bonds and issue sound paper money backed by the bonds. • The Confederate government was forced to print blue-backed paper money that was subject to "runaway inflation."

21. The North's Economic Boom • Newly invented labor-saving machinery enabled the North to expand economically.  Mechanical reapers (farm machines used to harvest grain) allowed for men to leave the farms for the war and provided grain that contributed to Northern profits. • The discovery of petroleum in Pennsylvania in 1859 led to a rush of people known as the "Fifty-Niners." • The Civil War opened up many jobs for women that were originally occupied by men.

22. Limitations on Wartime Liberties • Congress was not in session when the war broke out, which gave the President vast wartime powers. • proclaimed a blockade • increased the size of the Federal army • directed the secretary of the Treasury to advance $2 million without appropriation or security to private citizens for military purposes • suspended habeas corpus

23. Habeas Corpus • Latin, “you have the body” • require a person to be brought before a court or judge, especially to determine if that person is being legally detained • "Inter arma silent leges" was a Latin phrase much heard in the North during the Civil War. It translates roughly as, "during war, the laws are silent." • On April 27, 1861, about a week after the Fort Sumter surrender, President Lincoln ordered Winfield Scott, then head of the nation's military, to arrest anyone between Washington and Philadelphia suspected of subversive acts or speech, and his order specifically authorized suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. Scott passed the order down the line, and Southern sympathizers in Maryland were rounded up in batches.

24. 1861-1865 The Civil War

25. Differing Strategies • Capture Richmond, the Confederate capital • Cut through the heart of the South (Ga. And the Carolinas) • Split the Confederacy by gaining control of the Mississippi River • Blockade the South (Anaconda Plan) • Capture Washington D.C. • Seize central Pennsylvania • Divide Northwest and Northeast • Gain recognition of Confederacy’s independent status

26. Anaconda Plan: The Northern plan to squeeze the south into submission by closing its supply routes and blockading its ports

27. Bull Run Ends the "Ninety-Day War" • Bull Run = Manassas; North/South • Lincoln concluded that an attack on a smaller Confederate force at Bull Run would be worth trying.  If successful, the victory would show the superiority of Union arms and might eventually lead to the capture of Richmond.  • A Union victory was thought to be for sure, as evident when spectators showed up. • The Confederates won as "Stonewall" Jackson held his line of Confederate soldiers until reinforcements arrived.  • Proved that the war would be much longer than either side anticipated.

28. Picnic at the Battle of Manassas

29. "Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsular Campaign • In 1861, General George B. McClellan was given command of the Army of the Potomac.  • Lincoln became increasingly impatient with McClellan's slowness to attack the Confederate forces still massed near Washington • McClellan began the Peninsula Campaign in VA • Attacked "Stonewall" Jackson.  General Robert E. Lee launched a counterattack and drove McClellan's forces back to the sea.

30. The Many Faces of Union Generals • General George B. McClellan (1861) • His slowness to attack the Confederate forces gave him the nickname of “Tardy George” • General Ambrose E. Burnside (1862) • Better known for his remarkable facial hair, rather than his military successes • General Joseph Hooker (1862-1863) • Better at “boosting morale” than creating victories • General George G. Meade (1864) • Secured a victory at Gettysburg, but could not close down the Confederacy.

31. Going for Grant! • Ulysses S. Grant gained recognition for his successes in the Western Campaign and the siege of Vicksburg. • He was promoted to the position of Commanding General of the U.S. Army in 1864. • Would be the general to accept Lee’s surrender in 1865.

32. The War at Sea • In order to combat the strong blockades, ships were developed to run through them; speed the initial improvement.  • In 1862, the Confederates created the Merrimack, renamed the Virginia.  It was an old U.S. wooden ship that was plated with metal armor; had the ability to crush through the wooden ships.  • On March 9, 1862, the Union ironclad, the Monitor, and the Confederate Merrimack met and fought to a standstill.

33. BATTLESHIP! • You will be re-creating the battle of the Monitor and Merrimack by playing the game Battleship! • The pairs will face off, with the winner earning an advantage in the overall naval battle. • The two Generals will face off, earning five points towards their teams’ overall success in the battle. • Winning battles will be added to the totals in the class Civil War

34. The Pivotal Point:  Antietam • Lee moved into Maryland, he met McClellan's forces at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862. • McClellan managed to halt Lee's forces after his forces discovered Lee's battle plans.  • Although not a victory, the Union stopped the Confederate march northward. • Statistically the bloodiest day of the Civil War

35. Casualties at Antietam Documenting the War: Mathew Brady

36. Look Familiar?

37. Volunteers and Draftees:  North and South • Due to lack of volunteers, Congress passed in 1863 a federal draft law.  Men who were called in the draft could pay $300 in order to buy a replacement. The Confederacy also passed a draft law.

38. New York Draft Riots • A period of violence in New York City that was the culmination of discontent with the new draft laws passed by Congress. The riots were the largest civil insurrection in American history apart from the Civil War itself. • The rioters were overwhelmingly working class men, resentful, among other reasons, because the draft unfairly affected them while sparing wealthier men. • Initially intended to express anger at the draft, the protests turned ugly and degraded into "a virtual racial pogrom, with uncounted numbers of blacks murdered on the streets". •  The military suppressed the mob using artillery and fixed bayonets, but not before numerous buildings were ransacked or destroyed, including many homes and an orphanage for black children.

39. Life as a Soldier

40. The Average Union Soldier

41. Life as a soldier Thick wool uniforms Bland, dry, or spoiled food Sparse living quarters

42. What They Carried

43. What They Wore

44. The Role of Women The lax medical examination early in the war allowed some women to sneak through and serve in the army disguised as men. Jenny Hodgers, known during the war as Private Albert Cashier joined the 95th Illinois Infantry in August 1862 and served for more than three years. She participated in many campaigns, including those at Vicksburg, the Red River and Mobile. Hodgers continued to wear men’s clothes until 1911, when a doctor discovered her identity while mending her fractured leg. She continued to receive a soldier’s pension and at her death in 1915 and was buried with full military honors.

45. Civil War Weaponry • The rifled musket killed more soldiers than anything else, except disease. The rifled musket’s large caliber, soft slow moving slug destroyed and pulverized the flesh and bone it tore into. This weapon made amputation the only practical treatment for saving lives. • The Civil War also introduced the Gatling Gun (precursor to the machine gun), submarine, ironclad ships, use of hot air balloons for espionage, as well as modern technologies for communication (telegraph) and transportation (railroads)

46. Civil War “Hospitals” • When a battle took place, every structure, house, barn, yard and field, could become a hospital • Surgeons preferred to operate outside if possible to mitigate the effects of the chloroform and to utilize the light. An operating table was often an unhinged door on top of two barrels. • Chloroform and ether were in short supply, so many surgeries were performed using “the booze and the bullet”

48. Bell Ringer Why was the Union Draft so controversial? What was the result of it?

49. Giving the North a Reason to Fight Defining “The Cause”

50. Blacks Battle Bondage • Over 180,000 blacks served in the Union army, most escapees from the Southern states • The Confederacy allowed blacks to enlist towards the end of the war • Used slaves to produce war materials.