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Humanitarian Intervention and the Rwanda Genocide

Humanitarian Intervention and the Rwanda Genocide. Jihoon, MOON Szu-Chieh, CHEN International Relation 2013, 06, 19. Outline. What is “Humanitarian intervention” ? Historical background of the Rwanda The trigger of the Rwanda genocide Major events The responses from international

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Humanitarian Intervention and the Rwanda Genocide

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  1. Humanitarian Intervention andthe Rwanda Genocide Jihoon, MOONSzu-Chieh, CHEN International Relation 2013, 06, 19

  2. Outline • What is “Humanitarian intervention” ? • Historical background of the Rwanda • The trigger of the Rwanda genocide • Major events • The responses from international • Operation Turquoise • Society criticism • Conclusion

  3. Humanitarian Intervention • An armed intervention in a state, without that state’s consent, to address (the threat of) a humanitarian disaster, in particular caused by grave and large-scale violations of fundamental human rights.

  4. By the early 1990s, Rwanda, a small country with an overwhelmingly agricultural economy, had one of the highest population densities in Africa.

  5. Historical background of the Rwanda • Population : Hutu (84%) Tutsi (15%) Twa (1%)

  6. 1894 : Rwanda becomes part of German east 1916 : Belgian occupation 1959 : a hutu revolution 1961 : victorious hutu had forced Rwanda’s tutsi monarch into exile and declared the country a republic Historical background of the Rwanda

  7. 1962 : Belgium officially granted independence to Rwanda • 1973 : a military group installed major general juvenal habyarimana, a moderate hutu, in power. Founded a new political party, the national revolutionary movement for development (NRMD).

  8. 1978 : juvenal habyarimana was elected president 1990 : forces of the Rwandan patriotic front (RPF), consisting mostly of tutsi refugees, invaded Rwanda from Uganda 1993 : habyarimana signed an agreement at Arusha, Tanzania Historical background of the Rwanda

  9. The trigger of Rwanda genocide • On April 6 1996 , The plane carrying Rwanda’s president was shot down. • Hutu extremists had taken over the government

  10. Blamed the tutsis for the assassination • Genocide began

  11. The Genocide • The hutu extremist radio – RTLM, and also the state supported radio – Radio Rwanda, encouraged the mass murder of the “cockroaches.” These cockroaches weretutsis and hutu moderates

  12. Most victim were killed in their own villages and towns by neighbors usually by being hacked to death by machetes. Rape was also used as a weapon during the Genocide, up to 500,000 tutsi women were raped. The Genocide

  13. An estimated 10,000 people were murdered each day An estimated 800,000 people were murdered in the course of roughly 100days, most of whom were tutsis. 400,000 children were left orphans The Genocide

  14. 。

  15. The responses to the Genocide • The Security Council:should we help?Maybe? • Denialoftheword“Genocide” • On6May,NewZealandproposedadraftresolutiontocreateanewUNforcetoprotectciviliansinRwanda.RejectedbyUSA • AuthorizingUNAMIR5500troopswithamandatetoprovidehumanitarianassistance.USA narrowsdownthenumbertohundreds

  16. The responses to the Genocide • African States:Noonehelps!Wehavetodosomething • 9countriescameforwardwithoffersoftroopsforthedeploymentofUNAMIRⅡ. • Lackofequipment,heavyliftsupport,andcosts Theresult–theequipmentdidn’tarriveuntiltheendofJuneanditthentookafurthermonthforthevehiclestoarrive. MoreRwandansaredead…

  17. The responses to the Genocide • USA:wecannothelpwithit • AvoidingarepeatofSomalia,1993 • NovitalinterestsinRwanda • Militarypersonnelcouldnotbesenttotroublespot

  18. The responses to the Genocide • FRANCE:wewanttohelp!!! • Haspolitical and military involvement in Rwanda • Supportingtheone-partystateofHabyarimana (Hutu) • Maintaining its international prestige and bargaining power by controlling French-speaking Africa • OperationTurquoise

  19. France’s Operation Turquoise • June 22nd : UN approve France a 60 days Humanitarian Mission to protect civilians/ save lives. • 2500 French troops • “safe humanitarian zones” in southwest Rwanda • The killings end before OT was replaced by UNAMIR Ⅱ. RPF took control over most of Rwanda in mid-July. • Humanitarian Intervention…?

  20. France’s Operation Turquoise • SincetheSecurity Councilhadactedasaglobalbystandertogenocide,noonefeltablepubliclycriticizetoaFrenchmissionthatwasjustifiedin terms of saving lives. • However, the french government’s priority was not to save lives but to demonstrate to Africa and the world that France could still rapidly project military power.

  21. Societycriticism • Thenon-humanitarianmotivesbehindtheFrenchinterventionledtomeansbeingemployedthatconflictedwithitshumanitarianpurpose.

  22. Conclusion • UNAMIRdidn’thaveasufficientmandate;lackofresources;ill-equippedtostopthekillings. • Stopping genocide requires a willingness to use force and to risk soldiers’ lives and it was this that was completely lacking in the Clinton Administration, USA.

  23. Conclusion • Francehad national interests at stake, did not try to save Rwandan lives, but actively contributed to the genocide. • The mediafailedto report on the genocide,so there was no internal pressure from citizens that could have influenced policy makers.

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