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What’s the Term? #1) Efforts made by the Japanese prince Shotoku (574-622) to strengthen Japan with Chinese ideas. He borrowed concepts about centralized government, land reform, and architecture and developed the “Seventeen Principles” in 604, which drew from both Confucian and Buddhist teachings.
Taika reforms #1) Efforts made by the Japanese prince Shotoku (574-622) to strengthen Japan with Chinese ideas. He borrowed concepts about centralized government, land reform, and architecture and developed the “Seventeen Principles” in 604, which drew from both Confucian and Buddhist teachings.
What’s the Term? #2) An internal rebellion in China that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864 and resulted in come 20 million deaths. Its leader, Hong Xiuquan, claimed he was the younger brother of Jesus and rejected Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism in favor of a unique form of Christianity. Hong and his followers demanded revolutionary change and sought to overthrow the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), but were stopped by the armies of landowners who feared the radical program.
Taiping Rebellion #2) An internal rebellion in China that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864 and resulted in come 20 million deaths. Its leader, Hong Xiuquan, claimed he was the younger brother of Jesus and rejected Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism in favor of a unique form of Christianity. Hong and his followers demanded revolutionary change and sought to overthrow the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), but were stopped by the armies of landowners who feared the radical program.
What’s the Term? #3) An Islamic fundamentalist organization that controlled Afghanistan from 1996 to 2002. Since falling from power, the Taliban have been funding and protecting poor Afghan opium poppy farmers in exchange for new recruits and profits from the opium trade.
Taliban #3) An Islamic fundamentalist organization that controlled Afghanistan from 1996 to 2002. Since falling from power, the Taliban have been funding and protecting poor Afghan opium poppy farmers in exchange for new recruits and profits from the opium trade.
What’s the Term? #4) A religious work composed between 70 and 636 C.E. that records civil and ceremonial law and Jewish legend.
Talmud #4) A religious work composed between 70 and 636 C.E. that records civil and ceremonial law and Jewish legend.
What’s the Term? #5) Turkish for “reorganization”; radical reforms to the Ottoman Empire that were designed to remake the empire of a Western European model, beginning in 1839. The sultan called for new factories, technologies, schools, and courts and proclaimed equality for all citizens, regardless of their religion.
Tanzimat reforms #5) Turkish for “reorganization”; radical reforms to the Ottoman Empire that were designed to remake the empire of a Western European model, beginning in 1839. The sultan called for new factories, technologies, schools, and courts and proclaimed equality for all citizens, regardless of their religion.
What’s the Term? #6) A government’s way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on the cheaper goods imported from another country.
tariff #6) A government’s way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on the cheaper goods imported from another country.
What’s the Term? #7) A system for tax collection that involved contracting that function to private parties in exchange for a share of the taxes they collected. Practiced in many parts of the world, it was rife with possibilities for corruption and abuse.
Tax-farming #7) A system for tax collection that involved contracting that function to private parties in exchange for a share of the taxes they collected. Practiced in many parts of the world, it was rife with possibilities for corruption and abuse.
What’s the Term? #8) The term used to describe the revolutionary violence in France in 1793-194, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution.
Terror (France) #8) The term used to describe the revolutionary violence in France in 1793-194, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution.
What’s the Term? #9) Coordinated and targeted political violence by opposition groups, often designed to have both military and psychological consequences on its victims.
terrorism #9) Coordinated and targeted political violence by opposition groups, often designed to have both military and psychological consequences on its victims.
What’s the Term? #10) A military district of the Byzantine Empire (330-1453) that was governed by a general who held both civil and military authority.
theme #10) A military district of the Byzantine Empire (330-1453) that was governed by a general who held both civil and military authority.
What’s the Term? #11) A government in which the leader rules in the name of a god.
theocracy #11) A government in which the leader rules in the name of a god.
What’s the Term? #12) Sanskrit for “the teaching of the elders”; the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine. Theravada Buddhism emphasized practices rather than beliefs. Gods did not play much of a role in helping people toward Enlightenment and instead left them to find it on their own.
Theravada Buddhism #12) Sanskrit for “the teaching of the elders”; the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine. Theravada Buddhism emphasized practices rather than beliefs. Gods did not play much of a role in helping people toward Enlightenment and instead left them to find it on their own.
What’s the Term? #13) The period in France after the execution of Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794), which was a reaction to the despotism of the Reign of Terror.
Thermidorian reaction #13) The period in France after the execution of Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794), which was a reaction to the despotism of the Reign of Terror.
What’s the Term? #14) In prerevolutionary France, the term used for the 98 percent of the population that was neither clerical nor noble, and for their representatives at the Estates General. In 1789, the Third Estate declared itself a National Assembly and launched the French Revolution (1789-1799).
Third Estate #14) In prerevolutionary France, the term used for the 98 percent of the population that was neither clerical nor noble, and for their representatives at the Estates General. In 1789, the Third Estate declared itself a National Assembly and launched the French Revolution (1789-1799).
What’s the Term? #15) The term used for Moscow in the fifteenth century, as some Russian church leaders claimed to be the successors to the Byzantine Empire (330-1453). The Byzantine capital, Constantinople, was referred to as the “second Rome.”
Third Rome #15) The term used for Moscow in the fifteenth century, as some Russian church leaders claimed to be the successors to the Byzantine Empire (330-1453). The Byzantine capital, Constantinople, was referred to as the “second Rome.”
What’s the Term? #16) A term devised after World War II (1939-1945) to designate those countries outside either the capitalist world of the U.S. bloc or the socialist world of the Soviet bloc, many of which were emerging from imperial domination. The term came to refer to countries that were less industrialized than the Western or Soviet regions.
Third World #16) A term devised after World War II (1939-1945) to designate those countries outside either the capitalist world of the U.S. bloc or the socialist world of the Soviet bloc, many of which were emerging from imperial domination. The term came to refer to countries that were less industrialized than the Western or Soviet regions.
What’s the Term? #17) A violent struggle between Catholics and Protestants that began in the Holy Roman Empire in 1618 and eventually involved most of Europe. By the time peace was achieved in 1648, an estimated one-third of urban residents and two-thirds of the rural population had been killed, and trade and agriculture were upended.
Thirty Years’ War #17) A violent struggle between Catholics and Protestants that began in the Holy Roman Empire in 1618 and eventually involved most of Europe. By the time peace was achieved in 1648, an estimated one-third of urban residents and two-thirds of the rural population had been killed, and trade and agriculture were upended.
What’s the Term? #18) A conservative alliance formed in 1873 that linked the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia against radical movements.
Three Emperors’ League #18) A conservative alliance formed in 1873 that linked the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia against radical movements.
What’s the Term? #19) An agricultural innovation that gained popularity in eighth-century Europe in which one field was planted with spring crops, one with autumn crops, and one was left fallow, or unplanted. The rotation made for richer soil and more varied diet.
Three-field system #19) An agricultural innovation that gained popularity in eighth-century Europe in which one field was planted with spring crops, one with autumn crops, and one was left fallow, or unplanted. The rotation made for richer soil and more varied diet.
What’s the Term? #20) In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first to that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.
Three obediences #20) In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first to that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.
What’s the Term? #21) A protest led by pro-democracy Chinese students in 1989 at which Communists imposed martial law and arrested, injured, or killed hundreds of students.
Tiananmen Square demonstration #21) A protest led by pro-democracy Chinese students in 1989 at which Communists imposed martial law and arrested, injured, or killed hundreds of students.
What’s the Term? #22) A land grant given in compensation for military service by the Ottoman sultan to a soldier. The practice was maintained from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries and was the only form of pay the soldier received.
timar #22) A land grant given in compensation for military service by the Ottoman sultan to a soldier. The practice was maintained from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries and was the only form of pay the soldier received.
What’s the Term? #23) The first five books of the Hebrew Bible, also known as the Pentateuch. The Torah, written about 950 B.C.E., provided many of he laws and traditions for the Jewish people to follow.
Torah #23) The first five books of the Hebrew Bible, also known as the Pentateuch. The Torah, written about 950 B.C.E., provided many of he laws and traditions for the Jewish people to follow.
What’s the Term? #24) A war built on the full mobilization of soldiers, civilians, and the technological capacities of the nations involved. Governments encourage national unity through propaganda and take control of social and economic life to make the greatest possible military effort. The World Wars of the twentieth century are often characterized as total wars.
Total war #24) A war built on the full mobilization of soldiers, civilians, and the technological capacities of the nations involved. Governments encourage national unity through propaganda and take control of social and economic life to make the greatest possible military effort. The World Wars of the twentieth century are often characterized as total wars.
What’s the Term? #25) A single-party form of government emerging after World War I (1914-1918) in which the ruling political party seeks to penetrate and control all parts of the social, cultural, economic, and political lives of the population. A totalitarian state typically makes use of mass communication and violence to instill its ideology and maintain power. Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin (r. 19129-1953) are commonly cited examples.
