Presentation Transcript

1. 1. Imperialism in the 1890s America sees Europe gobbling up the world, “why can’t we?” Cpt. Alfred Thayer Mahan Writes decisive books on the importance of sea power Argues for American presence in strategic parts of the globe (for coaling stations, economic interests) Argues for muscular offensive navy Convinces generation of politicians (Theodore Roosevelt, Albert Beveridge) that America must expand or die
2. Secretaries of State push for opening of relations with Latin America “reciprocity” treaties allow U.S. to lower tariffs on Latin American products if they do the same on U.S. products U.S. aids Anglo coup in Hawaii Marines participate in the coup Cleveland refuses to allow easy annexation, finally achieved in 1898 during Spanish-American War 1. Imperialism in the 1890s
3. The Spanish-American War I 1895- Cuban rebels launch new fight Late 1890s- William Randolph Hearst, others of “yellow press” popularize the Cuban struggle, depict Spaniards as subhuman barbarians and Cubans as valiant patriots McKinley does not want war, but addresses public opinion by calling on Spanish to change their policies 1. Imperialism in the 1890s
4. Spanish bristle at U.S. interference, but remove Gen. Valeriano Weyler, the “butcher,” and move toward allowing Cuban control over domestic policy Feb. 9, 1898- DeLome letter published Feb. 15, 1898- U.S.S. Maine explodes in Havana harbor (had been there to protect Americans) 1. Imperialism in the 1890s
5. The Spanish-American War II April 7, 1898- Final diplomatic flurry forces Spain to “suspend hostilities,” but Spain refuses to acknowledge Cuban independence April 19, 1898- Congress authorizes McKinley to intervene in Cuba April 24, 1898- Spain declares war, U.S. immediately concurs 1. Imperialism in the 1890s
6. The Basics of the War Major victories are at sea (Battle of Manila, Battle of Santiago Harbor) Land battles result in American victory only due to Spanish ineptitude and extraordinary American luck, foolhardy bravery (and U.S. might have lost) Immortalizes Theodore Roosevelt and Rough Riders as biggest heroes in the war, beside Commodore George Dewey Mismanagement, shortages, terrible food and disease take tolls on American troops 1. Imperialism in the 1890s
7. The Spanish-American War III Results of the war: Teller Amendment forbids U.S. annexation (huge mistake?), Platt Amendment guarantees Cuban self-government, but tempered by U.S. right to intervene whenever necessary, U.S. base at Guantanamo Bay Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines are taken as spoils, U.S. pays $20 million to Spain in costs 1. Imperialism in the 1890s
8. The Philippine Debate Imperialists demand that U.S. annex Philippines as important coaling station, gateway to Asia, base for U.S. troops Others, like McKinley, call for “Christianizing” Filipinos (they had been Catholics for centuries) Fear of “losing” Philippines to Germany, France, Japan McKinley decides annexation is only way to “save” the islands, U.S. remains in possession until 1946 1. Imperialism in the 1890s
9. The Philippine-American War I U.S. had backed Filipino resistance leader Emilio Aguinaldo in his bid against Spanish December 1898- Becomes clear to Filipinos that U.S. is not going to leave Fighting commences with conventional battles, which U.S. wins fairly easily Rebellion goes underground, guerilla warfare 1. Imperialism in the 1890s
10. Gen. Arthur MacArthur (Civil War veteran, father of Douglas) takes command of overall efforts How to win? U.S. uses combination of methods… Persuades educated Filipino middle class to support American side U.S. military engineers conduct campaign of road, sanitation, other infrastructure improvements U.S. establishes schools to teach Filipino children 1. Imperialism in the 1890s
11. The Philippine-American War II The other ways… Buying out, capturing rebel leaders and their forces (accomplished with Aguinaldo in 1901) Using different tribes against each other (ala Indian Wars) “Reconcentration camps” just like the Spanish Brutality, torture, extermination 1. Imperialism in the 1890s
12. The costs? Filipinos- 50,000 Americans- 4,300 (Comparison: Iraq War as of January 2013- 4,488) 1900- U.S. pop. 76.2 mil. (0.0056%) 2010- U.S. pop. 308.7 mil. (0.0015%) Philippine-American War was roughly four times as costly as 2003 Iraq War in proportion to U.S. population 1. Imperialism in the 1890s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xKCH86n2aY
13. Albert Beveridge, “The March of the Flag”http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1898beveridge.asp What is his tone in this speech? What is his attitude toward America and American expansion? What is his attitude toward countries in Europe? How does he use history to justify American expansion? Why is it America’s destiny and duty to expand abroad? What examples does he offer of why expanding into Caribbean and Pacific islands will help the country?
14. William James, “The Philippine Tangle” http://www.uky.edu/~eushe2/Pajares/JamesPhilippineTangle.pdf What is James’ attitude toward the conquest of the Philippines? How does he use sarcasm to ridicule the arguments of the imperialists? How does he portray the American conquest of the Philippines? What is his attitude toward the Filipinos? How does this compare to Beveridge’s attitude? What is the solution to this mess?
15. 2. Wilson and WWI The Coming of the “War to End all Wars…” Late 1800s/Early 1900s- Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Russia, Japan all searching for colonies or spheres of influence Dramatic advances in industrial techniques, weapons designs leads to arms race Development of reciprocal alliances: Allies (Britain, France, Russia, later Italy) Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire)
16. June 28, 1914- Gavrilo Princip shoots Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo August 1914- war begins as Russia threatens to stop Austria-Hungary from punishing Serbia Germany declares war on Russia to support Austria-Hungary France declares war on Germany to support Russia Britain declares war on Germany when Germany invades France 2. Wilson and WWI
17. 2. Wilson and WWI Basics of the War… August-September 1914- Germans launch well-planned attack on northern France through Low Countries (Belgium and Holland) Fall 1914- British and French armies manage to stop Germans just short of taking Paris and ending the war
18. Machine guns, heavy artillery, and poison gas turn battles into slaughters, tens to hundreds of thousands die in the average “big push” Armies dig in to hold their ground, minimize casualties Smartest, luckiest soldiers and officers get out of ground combat by entering the air service 2. Wilson and WWI
19. 2. Wilson and WWI The American position, 1914-1917 Americans shocked, dismayed by the carnage of the war, challenges Progressive assumptions about humanity and the future Most Americans, logically, want to stay out Wilson pledges neutrality, but was the U.S. really that neutral?
20. U.S. exports to Britain & France: 1914- $754 million 1916- $2,750 million Companies like DuPont (DE- gunpowder, explosives), Bethlehem Steel (PA- armor plate, artillery, shells) make a fortune supplying allies and then the U.S. war effort U.S. bankers loan millions of dollars to the Allies… U.S. exports to Germany: 1914- $190 million 1915-18- $0 due to British blockade 2. Wilson and WWI
21. 2. Wilson and WWI Wilson & Public Opinion 5 million German-Americans, 3 million Irish-Americans oppose aiding Allies Wilson pushes for diplomatic end to the war, Britain and France reject the approach May 7, 1915- German submarine sinks Lusitania, carrying 128 Americans (1200 passengers die), ship also carrying munitions
22. After threatening Germans, Wilson forces them to end unannounced attacks Summer 1915- Wilson pushes for larger army and navy 1916- Wilson and Democrats run well on “He kept us out of the war!” 2. Wilson and WWI
23. 2. Wilson and WWI Wilson changes his mind… Dec. 18, 1916- Wilson again tries for diplomatic solution, Britain and Germany reject it Jan. 22, 1917- Wilson calls for “peace without victory” and a “peace among equals” Feb. 1, 1917- Germany gambles and restarts unrestricted submarine warfare, thinking it can defeat Allies before Americans can enter the war
24. March 1, 1917- Wilson releases Zimmerman Telegram March 9, 1917- Wilson arms merchant ships April 6, 1917- Congress declares war 82-7 in Senate 373-50 in House May 1917- Congress passes Selective Service Act Men between 21 and 30 must register Local draft boards make the decisions 24 million registered, 3 million called into service 2. Wilson and WWI
25. 2. Wilson and WWI The War Effort I Progressives and Big Business unite to win the war Despite organizational challenges, U.S. ships 2 million fighting men to France during the war Financing the war… $9 billion in new taxes $15 billion in “Liberty Bonds” $35 billion total cost of war ($11.2 billion in U.S. aid to Britain and France)
26. Feeding the Allies… Herbert Hoover (CA mining engineer) organizes “wheatless Wednesdays” and “meatless Mondays” to conserve food, encourages massive increase in U.S. agriculture output (and problems down the way…) 2. Wilson and WWI
27. 2. Wilson and WWI The War Effort II War Industries Board (WIB) under Wall Street tycoon Bernard Baruch coordinates business/government cooperation “Dollar-a-year men?” National War Labor Board under William Howard Taft, sets higher wages and lower hours than ever found in private industry AFL under Samuel Gompers supports war effort, issues strike ban, work with gov’t
28. Committee on Public Information (CPI) under George Creel, called his job “the world’s greatest adventure in advertising” Restraints on freedom: 1917- Espionage Act, broadly defined powers 1918- Sedition Act, bans “disloyal” speech or activity 1918- Alien Act, gives gov’t deportation power to target “revolutionaries” and “anarchists” Racism, bigotry, and “100-percent Americanism” 2. Wilson and WWI
29. 2. Wilson and WWI The War Itself Gen. John J. Pershing (veteran leader of Punitive Expedition) leads American Expeditionary Force (AEF) April-May 1918- Americans arrive in large numbers in France, just as German spring offensive gets under way Pershing insists on keeping U.S. units together as one force, rather than parceling them out
30. June-July- American troops provide decisive edge, blunt German attack August-September- British and American forces launch counteroffensive, turn the tide of the war October-Nov. 11- Offensive grinds to a halt, German Army faces influenza, shortages, and sure defeat, German leadership sues for peace 2. Wilson and WWI
31. The Aftermath Jan. 1918-Pres. Wilson introduces “Fourteen Points” Goal is to prevent excessive punishment of Germany, promote lasting peace and international cooperation British and French force through severe reparations, annex Ottoman Empire instead of freeing it Wilson personally supervises and fights for League of Nations (precursor to UN) Wilson’s League repudiated at home Concern that League will restrain American power Opposite concern that League will be ineffective or will continue to promote domination of British and French In final vote, Senate votes 49-35 short of 2/3 necessary to ratify Profound growth of isolationism (1920-1941) Americans generally reject internationalism and war Gov’t and business turn to (mostly) peaceful approaches 2. Wilson and WWI
32. President Wilson’s Fourteen Points http://www.ourdocuments.gov/print_friendly.php?page=transcript&doc=62&title=Transcript+of+President+Woodrow+Wilson%27s+14+Points+%281918%29 What does Wilson want to do regarding the reorganization of Europe? What is to become of occupied lands? What does he think must be done to secure a lasting peace after the war?
33. Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge (R-MA) on the League of Nationshttp://www.authentichistory.com/special/nationsforum/NF_01_League_of_Nations-Henry_Cabot_Lodge.html Why does Lodge argue that the U.S. must remain independent? What will happen if the U.S. does become involved in international affairs? Was Lodge being selfish here? Why or why not?
34. 3. WWII Causes? German and Italian fascism threatens to conquer Europe and Africa, Japan threatens to conquer all of Asia 1931- Japan invades Manchuria, wants to create “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” 1930s- Japan invades, “rapes” China 1936- Italy invades Ethiopia, Mussolini wants to make Mediterranean Sea into “Italy’s lake,” bring back Roman Empire
35. 1938- Nazi Anschluss w/ Austria, Munich debacle gives Sudetenland and eventually all of Czechoslovakia to Germany 1939- Non-aggression Pact between USSR and Germany, both invade Poland, France and Britain declare war on Germany 1941- Germany invades USSR, Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor, bring USA into war 3. WWII
36. “Nonintervention…” Most Americans opposed to intervention, although they generally oppose Germans, Italians, and Japanese Congress passes various Neutrality Acts in mid-late 1930s Limit American arms sales to belligerents Avoid economic entanglements ala WWI FDR responds on his own Persuades Congress to revise Neutrality Acts and to help arm democracies (such as the British Empire)—the US will serve as “arsenal of democracy” Pushes “lend-lease” bill through Congress, uses it to give $50 billion in aid to Britain, USSR, and other nations Pushes Selective Service Act through Congress, establishing unprecedented peacetime draft Establishes “destroyers-for-bases” agreement with British, trading old WWI-era destroyers for access to British territory as naval bases 3. WWII
37. Establishes “Atlantic Charter” with Churchill Collective security, national self-determination, freedom of the seas, freer trade Moves from neutrality to non-belligerency to undeclared war against Germans US Navy patrols and fights against German subs Japan—FDR pushes US into collision course Does not directly challenge Japan militarily, BUT Cuts off scrap metal supply Cuts off oil supply Japan left with little resort but to attack and try to gain upper hand in Pacific Pearl Harbor, followed by Japanese and German declarations of war greatly simplifies the situation—nearly all Americans now approve of overwhelming victory 3. WWII
38. Winning the War at Home I Centralized war production Donald Nelson (formerly of Sears & Roebuck) heads War Production Board (WPB), coordinate conversion of industry to war production Anti-trust laws suspended, loans made to aid conversion, “cost-plus” contracts, “dollar-a-year men” 1940-1945- U.S. GNP doubles, federal budget reaches $95 billion (ten-fold increase) 3. WWII
39. 1942 government orders- Over $100 billion, more ordered than industry had ever produced before in one year 60,000 planes, 45,000 tanks, 20,000 AA guns, 8 million tons of merchant ships 1945- total military spending exceeds $300 billion How to pay??? 45 percent raised by income, corporate, estate taxes 55 percent raised by loans, including war bonds 3. WWII
40. 1942- Office of Price Administration (OPA) created Rations gas, tires, sugar, coffee, meat, butter Encourages sacrifice for the war effort Controls prices People respond with “victory gardens” as patriotic effort Women at work… Six million enter workforce Most but not all female industrial workers lose new jobs after the war 3. WWII
41. African Americans at war… “Double V” campaign 1941- A. Philip Randolph, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, plans march on D.C. to protest job discrimination and segregation in armed forces F.D.R. persuades Randolph to reconsider by issuing Executive Order 8802 banning discrimination in companies receiving gov’t contracts Important first step, but Federal Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) does little to enforce spirit of E.O. 8802 3. WWII
42. Winning the War at Home III Race and ethnicity during the war… African Americans Despite segregation at home and in military (500,000 serve in Army alone), black combat units perform superbly in Europe, most blacks serve as support troops (cooks, drivers), groups like Tuskegee Airmen inspire support for the war but also provoke calls for change Japanese internment 125,000 Japanese-Americans (Issei—immigrants and Nisei—American-born children) from CA, OR, WA interred in gov’t camps in rural Western states 1,000s of Japanese-American men volunteer for service in segregated units, serve with distinction in Europe 3. WWII
43. Winning the War at Home III Race and ethnicity during the war… Latino Americans 500,000 serve in Armed Forces Braceros (immigrant laborers from Mexico) necessary to supplement agricultural laborers, many former “Okies” had volunteered or were drafted “Zoot-suiters” generate great anger amongst white soldiers in Los Angeles, lead to race riots Native Americans 25,000 serve Experience less mistreatment overall than did African or Latino Americans, perhaps due to perception that they were “natural warriors” Navajo “code talkers” assigned to Marine units in the Pacific baffled Japanese translators and made operations more successful and saved lives 3. WWII
44. Winning the War I 1941-1942- U.S. gears up for war Can do little initially until forces are assembled Japan quickly gobbles up Philippines and most of southeast Asia (mistreating tens of thousands of Americans and Filipinos in Bataan Death March) Americans agree to assist British in “peripheral” strategy targeting supposed weak points in Axis territory 3. WWII
45. DEFEATING HITLER Late 1942- American forces finally land in Africa, help force German forces out 1943- U.S. and U.K. conquer Sicily, face enormous difficulties in Italy which delays “second front” June 6, 1944- “D-Day” begins Operation Overlord Largest amphibious assault in history Establishes strong beachhead in France Creates Stalin’s precious “second front” 3. WWII
46. Winning the War II 1944-May 8, 1945 (V-E Day)- U.S. forces maneuver into France and closer to Germany Germany tries last desperate counterattack at Battle of the Bulge, December ‘44-January ‘45 Stalin’s forces pound Nazis apart in East, begin to close in to Eastern Europe and “liberate” Poland in Spring 1945, meet Americans in Berlin 3. WWII
47. Winning the War III DEFEATING JAPAN First objective: dominate the sea Battles of Coral Sea, Midway defeat Japan’s ability to contest U.S. at sea, U.S. now dominates Pacific Second objective: liberate Asia Admiral Chester Nimitz- Navy & Marines target Japanese islands General Douglas MacArthur- U.S. Army targets Japan in New Guinea, Philippines Both forces will meet in Philippines and jointly invade Japan 3. WWII
48. Using the Bomb Late summer 1945 virtually all Japanese territory in Pacific now in American hands Japanese empire in ruins in mainland Asia Bomb used to hasten Japanese surrender Hiroshima, 6 Aug 45, 66k immediate deaths Nagasaki, 9 Aug 45, 39k immediate deaths Was it necessary? Multiple ways to look at it To many in the military, just another weapon Fear of 500,000+ American, possibly millions of Japanese lives in an invasion Prominent leaders oppose it—Eisenhower thought it was unnecessary, Oppenheimer (man who largely built it) thought it was unfair against Japanese Truman faces tough political demands to end the war quickly Was it all about the Soviets? 3. WWII
49. White House Press Release on Hiroshima http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Hiroshima/PRHiroshima.shtml Why was the atomic bomb unique and how powerful was it? What was the main reason the U.S. and the U.K. cooperated in its development? Describe the origin of the bomb and why its development was so unprecedented. What justifications are offered for dropping the bomb on Japan? Do they make sense? Describe how the government plans to guide and control atom bomb information and the future development of atomic energy. How does this continue to influence U.S. policy on nuclear weapons?
50. Testimony of Yoshito Matsushigehttp://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Hibakusha/Yoshito.shtml Who is Matsushige and how does he react to the bombing? What does he personally suffer? What suffering does he observe? What is his overall response to the bombing?
51. Winning the War IV Nasty things are done to win… Strategic Bombing U.S. & U.K. bomb German factories and population centers, kill 100,000s by air U.S. uses firebombs on Japan, kills well over 100,000 Submarines used to starve Japan War planners ignore the Holocaust Refuse to bomb rail lines and death camps Argue that the best way to stop it is to defeat German Army Brutality in the Pacific US “buddies” up to “Uncle Joe” Stalin The lesser of two evils is still evil 3. WWII
52. Winning the War IV The Holocaust and what wasn’t done… US officials and American public were well-aware of anti-Semitism of the Nazis Informed Americans suspected Hitler was capable of anything By 1943—clear to FDR and certainly to US intelligence that Nazis were committing genocide against Jews and others in occupied Europe Debate continued about the extent Official policy prevents information from reaching American people Some fear that anti-Semitic Americans will approve and oppose war effort Larger fear that dealing with Holocaust will distract US from winning the war Others allege that anti-Semites within US government and military want the Holocaust to continue… But something could have been done US bombed military targets close to death camps Could have bombed railroads and cremation ovens to disrupt Americans (including FDR) had refused to allow large influx of refugees in late 1930s and during war, forcing many to stay in Europe 3. WWII
53. First Pictures Inside Bomb-blasted Japan http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrBsKLk9L3Q Nazi Murder Mills newsreel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jdefO0Dxhc