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The Evolution of Computing: From Babbage and Byron to Modern Operating Systems

This historical overview traces the evolution of computing from early pioneers like Charles Babbage and Ada Byron in the 19th century to modern advancements in operating systems and computer technologies. Babbage's engines laid the groundwork for computing, while Byron pioneered programming concepts. The timeline covers key developments through the 20th century, detailing major innovations from vacuum tube machines to microprocessors and the rise of user-friendly operating systems. Explore the fascinating journey of computing as it transforms societies and industries.

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The Evolution of Computing: From Babbage and Byron to Modern Operating Systems

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  1. Chapter 0 Brief History of Computing

  2. Charles Babbage & Ada Byron • early 19th century • influenced by Jacquard loom – a 1805 invention that used punch cards to vary weave style • designed difference engine and analytical engine • his engine was capable of calculating successive terms of the sequence n2 + n + 41 at the rate of about 60 every 5 minutes

  3. Ada Byron • Ada Byron developed coding scheme-she showed how to compute Bernoulli numbers. For this reason she has earned the reputation for being the first computer programmer • created stored program computer • the Analytical Engine weaves algebraic patterns, just as the Jacquard-loom weaves flowers and leaves – Ada Byron

  4. Herman Hollerith • US Census Bureau, 1890 • developed tabulating machinery • began the Tabulating Machine Company

  5. IBM • In 1912 this company became IBM

  6. Early 20th Century • typewriters and other office equipment • electric calculating machines & typewriters

  7. World War II Era • Harvard Mark I, 1944 • ABC Computer, 1941 • ENIAC, 1945, 18000 tubes

  8. Age of Commercial Computing

  9. First Generation, 1951-58 • Univac I, 1951- U.S. Steel, Westinghouse Electric, Alcoa, and Pittsburgh Plate Glass. • Univac were used for accounting, statistical, and engineering tasks • Other early computer companies included GE, Westinghouse, Xerox, as well as IBM, Burroughs

  10. Size Constrants • early machines were vacuum tube based • hot, unreliable, expensive • SAGE, 1958, 113 tons, 58000 tubes !

  11. Second Generation, 1959-1965 • transistor based • smaller, cooler, more reliable, cheaper • operating systems manage multiprogramming, • time sharing and interrupt techniques developed

  12. Third Generation, 1966-74 • Integrated circuit based, “chips” • much smaller, cheaper, cooler, more reliable • minicomputer developed, first system under $1, 000, 000

  13. Fourth Generation, 1974 - present • Large Scale Integration, VLSI • hundreds of thousands of circuit elements on one chip • microprocessor developed, about 1974 • lead to development of microcomputer (PC) • age of end-user computing develops • Multitasking pc operating systems • Multiprocessor systems developed

  14. Fifth Generation, now -> • super computers, massively parallel processors • natural language recognition • biological components - • Digital Convergence – Many Technologies coming together • communications technologies advance

  15. SYSTEM SOFTWARE • Consists of the programs that control the operations of the computer and its devices • Directed at improving or enhancing the use of the computer itself, in contrast to application software Click to view animation

  16. The Role of the Operating System • System software - programs that control the operations of the computer and its devices • Started when you start the computer • Allows you to communicate with the computer and other software • Portions remain in memory until the computer is turned off • Allows you to run applications software

  17. OPERATING SYSTEMS • User interfaces • Command-line interface • Command language • Graphical user interface (GUI) • Menus • Icons • User-friendly • Browser-like features

  18. OPERATING SYSTEMS • Features of Operating Systems • Single user (single tasking) • Multitasking • Foreground application • Background applications • Multiprocessing • Fault-tolerant

  19. OPERATING SYSTEMS • Functions of an Operating System • Memory management - optimize use of random access memory (RAM) • Buffer • Virtual memory (VM) • Pages and paging • Thrashing

  20. OPERATING SYSTEMS • Functions of an Operating System • Spooling print jobs • Jobs placed in a buffer before sent to a printer

  21. OPERATING SYSTEMS • Functions of an Operating System • Configuring devices • Device drivers • When you add a new device, a driver also must be present • Plug and Play • Interrupt request (IRQ) Click to see Figure 8-9

  22. OPERATING SYSTEMS • Functions of an Operating System • Administering security • Logging on • User ID • Password Click to see Figure 8-11

  23. OPERATING SYSTEMS • Functions of an Operating System • Managing storage media and files • File manager program • Formatting and copying disks • Displaying lists of files • Checking the amount of used and free space • Copying, renaming, deleting, moving, and sorting files Click to see Figure 8-12

  24. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • Technical issues • Device dependent vs. device independent • Proprietary software • Downward vs. upward compatibility

  25. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • DOS • Several versions • Command-line and menu-driven

  26. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • Windows 3.x • Operating environment • Graphical user interface • First widely used version of Windows

  27. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • Windows 95 • True multitasking operating system • Improved graphical interface • Supports networking, Plug and Play technology, longer file names, and e-mail • Windows 98, NT, 2000, ME • Windows XP

  28. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • Windows CE • Designed for use on wireless communications devices and smaller computers • Graphical user interface • Auto PC • Voice commands Click to see Figure 8-15

  29. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • Palm OS • Runs on many devices • Mobile computing • PIM software

  30. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • Mac OS • Released in 1984 with the Macintosh • Can open, edit, and save files created in Windows and DOS • Current version 10.3, Jaguar Click to view video

  31. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • OS/2 • From IBM • Graphical user interface • Multitasking • Never developed the market IBM hoped for Click to see Figure 8-17

  32. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • UNIX • Multi-user and multitasking • Many versions available • Command-line interface

  33. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • Linux • Free • Open-source software • Gaining in popularity Click to see Figure 8-18

  34. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • NetWare • Once widely used network operating system • Server portion resides on network server • Client portion resides on each client computer

  35. STARTING A COMPUTER • Booting • Cold boot • Warm boot (warm start) • Boot information is displayed Click to see Figure 8-19

  36. STARTING A COMPUTER • Boot steps • Power supply sends a signal • CPU resets and finds BIOS • BIOS performs power-on self test (POST) • POST results compared to CMOS • BIOS finds boot program • BOOT program loaded and run • Operating system loads and finds hardware Click to see Figure 8-20

  37. STARTING A COMPUTER • Boot disk • Used if hard disk will not boot • Contains small set of operating system commands • Can be created by a user Click to see Figure 8-21

  38. UTILITY PROGRAMS • A type of system software that performs a specific task, usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or it programs • Built into operating system • Stand-alone Click to see Figure 8-22

  39. UTILITY PROGRAMS • File viewer • File compression utility • Diagnostic utility • Disk scanner • Disk defragmenter • Uninstaller • Backup utility • Antivirus • Screen saver Click to see Figure 8-30

  40. HARDWARE OVERVIEWThe Components in the System Unit

  41. THE SYSTEM UNIT • System unit • Box-like case that houses the electronic components of the computer that are used to process data

  42. THE SYSTEM UNIT • System unit • Common components • Processor • Memory module • Expansion cards • Ports • Connectors

  43. THE SYSTEM UNIT • The Motherboard • Contains many of the electronic components • Chips • A small piece of semiconducting material on which one or more integrated circuits are etched

  44. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • CPU (processor) • Interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer • Mainframes will split CPU functions between chips and circuit boards • PC uses CPU called a Microprocessor – all CPU functions are put in one chip • Pentium processors

  45. CPU AND MICROPROCESSORComponents • The Control Unit • A component of the CPU that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer • Fetch - get the next instruction from memory • Decode - translate the instruction • Execute - carry out the command • Store - write the result to memory • Speed is measured in MIPS (million instructions per second)

  46. CPU AND MICROPROCESSORComponents • The Arithmetic/Logic Unit • Performs the execution part of the machine cycle • Arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) • Comparison (greater than, equal to, less than) • Logical (AND, OR, NOT)

  47. CPU AND MICROPROCESSORComponents • Pipelining • The CPU begins execution of a second instruction before the first instruction is completed • Faster processing – newer PC’s can “pipeline” up to 4 instructions

  48. CPU AND MICROPROCESSORComponents • Registers • Temporary storage locations used by the CPU • Many types • Storing location of where instruction was fetched • Storing an instruction while it is being decoded • Storing data while the ALU processes it • Storing the results of a calculation

  49. CPU AND MICROPROCESSORComponents • The System Clock • Synchronizes all computer operations • Each tick (electronic pulse) is called a clock cycle • Faster clock means more instructions the CPU can execute each second • Speed measured in megahertz (MHz) or (GHz) • One million ticks of the system clock or MHz,and one billion for GHz

  50. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Microprocessor Comparison • Intel Pentium series • Intel Celeron • AMD (Intel-compatible) processors • Motorola PowerPC • Alpha series

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