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Biased Arguments: Fallacies, Propaganda, and Persuasive Techniques

This chapter explores biased arguments, including fallacies and propaganda techniques, and how they are used to persuade. It covers irrelevant arguments such as personal attacks and straw man fallacies, as well as propaganda techniques like name-calling and testimonials. Inadequate arguments such as false comparison and card stacking are also discussed. The chapter review summarizes the key points and is followed by practice exercises.

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Biased Arguments: Fallacies, Propaganda, and Persuasive Techniques

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  1. Chapter 13 Advanced Argument: Persuasive Techniques The Master ReaderUpdated Editionby D. J. Henry

  2. Biased Arguments • Biased information is based on two types of reasoning: • fallacies: an error in logical thought • propaganda: is an act of persuasion that systematically spreads biased information that is designed to support or oppose a person, product, cause, or organization • Based on emotional appeal: the arousal of emotion to give meaning or power to an idea

  3. Irrelevant Arguments: Fallacies • Personal Attack is the abusive remarks in place of evidence for a point or argument (ad hominem attacks) • Straw Man is a weak argument substituted for a stronger one to make the argument easier to challenge

  4. Irrelevant Arguments: Fallacies • Begging the Question restates the point of an argument as the support and conclusion (circular reasoning)

  5. Irrelevant Arguments: Propaganda Techniques • Name-Calling uses negative labels for a product, idea, or cause. • Testimonials use irrelevant personal opinions to support a product, idea, or cause. • Bandwagon is an appeal that uses or suggests the irrelevant detail that “everyone is doing it.”

  6. Irrelevant Arguments: Propaganda Techniques • Plain Folks is an appeal that uses irrelevant details to build trust based on commonly shared values.

  7. Inadequate Arguments: Fallacies • Either-Or assumes that only two sides of an issue exist. • False Comparison assumes that two things are similar when they are not. • False Cause (post hoc) assumes that because events occurred around the same time, they have a cause-and-effect relationship.

  8. Inadequate Arguments: Propaganda Techniques • Card Stacking omits factual details in order to misrepresent a product, idea, or cause. • Transfer creates an association between a product, idea, or cause with a symbol or image that has positive or negative values. • Glittering Generalities offer general positive statements that cannot be verified.

  9. CHAPTER REVIEW • Biased information is based on fallacies and propaganda. • Irrelevant Arguments: Fallacies • Personal Attack • Straw Man • Begging the Question

  10. CHAPTER REVIEW • Irrelevant and Inadequate Arguments: Propaganda • Name-Calling • Testimonials • Bandwagon • Plain Folks • Either-Or • False Comparison • False Cause • Card Stacking • Transfer • Glittering Generalities

  11. Practice Complete the following: • Chapter Review • Applications • Review Tests • Mastery Tests • Remember to complete your scorecard for the Review Tests in this chapter. • For more practice, visit www.ablongman.com/henry.

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