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The Nervous System and Mental Health

6. The Nervous System and Mental Health. Multimedia Directory. Slide 41 Brain and Brainstem Animation Slide 57 Alzheimer's Video Slide 69 Epilepsy Video Slide 81 Multiple Sclerosis Animation Slide 86 Parkinson's Disease Video Slide 92 Seizures Video Slide 93 Seizures Animation

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The Nervous System and Mental Health

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  1. 6 The Nervous System and Mental Health

  2. Multimedia Directory Slide 41 Brain and Brainstem Animation Slide 57 Alzheimer's Video Slide 69 Epilepsy Video Slide 81 Multiple Sclerosis Animation Slide 86 Parkinson's Disease Video Slide 92 Seizures Video Slide 93 Seizures Animation Slide 94 Febrile Seizures Animation Slide 98 Anorexia Video Slide 100 ADD Video Slide 102 Bipolar Video Slide 103 Bulimia Video

  3. Multimedia Directory (cont.) Slide 106 OCD Video Slide 110 Schizophrenia Video

  4. Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the nervous system and mental health • Identify the major organs of the nervous system and describe their structure and function

  5. Learning Objectives (cont.) After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the nervous system and mental health • Build medical terms from the word parts associated with the nervous system and mental health

  6. Learning Objectives (cont.) After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with the nervous system and mental health

  7. The Nervous System Composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves These organs enable you to sense the world around you form thoughts and memories control your body movements and many internal functions

  8. Prefixes a- = without, absence of de- = not di- = double dys- = bad, abnormal, painful, difficult

  9. Prefixes (cont.) • hemi- = one-half • hyper- = excessive, abnormally high, above • mono- = one

  10. Prefixes (cont.) • pan- = all, entire • par-, para- = near, alongside, departure from normal • poly- = many • pre- = before • sub- = below, beneath • tetra- = four

  11. Combining Forms alges/o = pain angi/o = blood vessel arachn/o = spider arteri/o = artery

  12. Combining Forms (cont.) ather/o = fatty substance cephal/o = head cerebell/o = little brain, cerebellum cerebr/o = brain, cerebrum

  13. Combining Forms (cont.) cran/o, crani/o = cranium dur/o = hard embol/o = a plug encephal/o = brain

  14. Combining Forms (cont.) gangli/o, ganglion/o = knot, swelling gli/o = glue, neuroglia gnos/o = knowledge lumb/o = loin, lower back

  15. Combining Forms (cont.) lys/o = break apart, dissolution mening/i, mening/o = membrane ment/o = mind myel/o = spinal cord, medulla, myelin sheath; bone marrow

  16. Combining Forms (cont.) narc/o = numbness neur/o = sinew or cord, nerve; fascia phas/o, phasi/o = speech plegi/o = paralysis

  17. Combining Forms (cont.) poli/o = gray psych/o = mind quadr/i, quadr/o = four radic/o, radicul/o = nerve root

  18. Combining Forms (cont.) scler/o = thick, hard, sclera somat/o = body spin/o = spine, thorn thalam/o = inner chamber, thalamus thromb/o = clot vascul/o = small blood vessel

  19. Suffixes -algia = pain -asthenia = weakness -cele = hernia, swelling, protrusion -esthesia = sensation, perception -gram = a record

  20. Suffixes (cont.) -iatry = treatment, specialty -ic = pertaining to -ism = condition of -itis = inflammation -lepsy = seizure

  21. Suffixes (cont.) -logist = one who studies -lysis = to loosen, dissolve -malacia = softening -oid = resembling -paresis = paralysis (minor)

  22. Suffixes (cont.) -phagia = eating or swallowing -phasia = speaking (may also be used as a root, phas) -plegia = paralysis (major) -troph = nourishment, development -us = pertaining to

  23. Anatomy and Physiology The nervous system provides a system of communication between the brain and distant parts of the body Goal of nervous system is to interpret changes in the environment inside and outside the body initiate responses in order to maintain homeostasis send electrochemical messages called nerve impulses

  24. Divisions of the Nervous System The nervous system is divided into two main groups Central nervous system (CNS) Includes the brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Includes the nerves and sensory receptors

  25. Figure 6.1 Organization of the nervous system

  26. Nervous Tissue The nervous system contains specialized tissue that conducts nerve impulses The impulse-conducting cells are called neurons; they receive support from nearby neuroglial cells

  27. Nervous Tissue (cont.) Each neuron consists of a cell body and numerous dendrites The cell body contains the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm Dendrites carry impulses toward the cell body, and a single axon carries impulses away

  28. Nervous Tissue (cont.) In many neurons, the axon is covered with numerous neuroglial cells known as Schwann cells Schwann cells provide a white-colored protective sheath, known as the myelin sheath The myelin sheath protects and insulates the axon (some axons are 3 feet long)

  29. Central Nervous System Is the “central station” for incoming and outgoing nerve impulses Includes the brain and spinal cord, which are protected by bones (cranium and vertebral column) thick set of membranes called the meninges

  30. Central Nervous System (cont.) The meninges form a protective cover that is several layers thick Outer tough layer is the dura mater Middle layer is the arachnoid Inner thin layer is the pia mater

  31. Figure 6.2 The meninges surround the brain and spinal cord

  32. The Brain The brain Receives and interprets sensory information Controls muscle and glandular responses Provides memory, thoughts, dreams, and personality It receives a large blood supply to fuel its constant activity

  33. The Brain (cont.) If blood flow is restricted for more than a few minutes, neurons begin to expire Brain weighs about 3 pounds Extending from the brain are 12 pairs of cranial nerves

  34. The Brain’s Four Main Parts Cerebrum Largest part of the brain The center of thought, personality, emotions, memory, and sensory perception Initiates muscle contractions Divided into right and left cerebralhemispheres

  35. The Brain’s Four Main Parts (cont.) Cerebellum Means little brain Coordinates muscle responses and manages equilibrium

  36. The Brain’s Four Main Parts (cont.) Diencephalon Means double brain Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus Thalamus is a relay station, redirecting nerve impulses to and from the cerebrum Hypothalamus is the center for involuntary activities, such as heartbeat, thirst, blood pressure

  37. The Brain’s Four Main Parts (cont.) Brain stem Includes the medulla, pons, and midbrain Medulla transmits nerve impulses between the spinal cord and brain, and regulates breathing Pons provides a connection between the medulla and cerebellum Midbrain is relay center for impulses and eye movements

  38. Ventricles of the Brain • Ventricles: Small spaces within brain’s center • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Slightly yellowish fluid that fills each ventricle • CSF is continuously produced from the blood supply • CSF circulates through the ventricles and around the brain and spinal cord

  39. Figure 6.3 The Brain

  40. Figure 6.4 Brain Anatomy

  41. Brain and BrainstemAnimation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the brain and brain stem. The animation may take a moment to begin playing. Back to Directory

  42. The Spinal Cord Extends from medulla about 18 inches down the back It passes through the spinal canal to terminate between L1 and L2 31 pairs of spinal nerves

  43. Figure 6.5 The spinal cord and its nerve roots

  44. The Peripheral Nervous System Consists of nerves that course throughout the body, carrying nerve impulses to and from the CNS Includes the ganglia and sensory receptors

  45. Figure 6.6 The Peripheral Nervous System

  46. The Nerves Nerves arebranches from the cranial nerves and spinal nerves Each nerve is composed of a combination of nervous tissue blood vessels supportive connective tissue

  47. Ganglia Are clusters of neuron cell bodies that lie outside the brain and spinal cord Appear as a swelling along the path of a spinal nerve route Are centers where nerve impulses are passed from one neuron to another across a synapse

  48. Sensory Receptors Are nervous structures that respond to changes in the environment Once a change occurs, a sensory receptor initiates a nerve impulse The nerve impulse then travels along a sensory nerve to the spinal cord or brain

  49. Word Roots arachn = spider cerebell = little brain cerebr = brain, cerebrum

  50. Word Roots (cont.) crani = skull, cranium encephal = brain gangli, ganglion = knot, swelling mening = membrane

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