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Cicero: A Conclusion

Cicero, born in 106 BC, rose through the ranks of the cursus honorum as a novus homo. He gained fame by defending Roscius in 80 BC and prosecuting Verres in 69 BC, but his most significant moment came in 63 BC when he exposed the Catilinarian conspiracy. Through a series of impactful speeches, Cicero rallied senatorial support and ultimately overcame the conspirators. However, his political fortune waned following conflicts with Clodius and Antony, leading to exile and eventual execution. His legacy, encapsulated in the Philippics, profoundly shaped Roman politics.

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Cicero: A Conclusion

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  1. Cicero: A Conclusion

  2. Let’s Review: Career • born in 106 BC • advanced through cursushonorum– a novus homo • 80 BC – he defended Roscius in a politically delicate case (Hortensius, #1 prosecutor; C had to defend an anti-Sullan) • 69 BC – prosecuted Verres • 63 BC – exposed Catilinarian conspiracy

  3. Cicero’s De Oratorepalmipsest (vellum reused, but original text is still visible)

  4. In Catilinam: A Review • 4 speeches delivered in 63 BC #1 – held in temple Catiline leaves Rome #2 & 3 – delivered from rostra #4 – delivered in Temple of Concord • Caesar – exile prisoners • Cato – moved to kill conspirators; overwhelming senatorial support

  5. Aftermath of the Conspiracy • 5 conspirators led to Tullianum (dungeon of Mamertine) and strangled: “Vixerunt.” • Catiline’s “army” had grown to about 10,000 (but not trained well) • Catiline killed in battle at Pistoria(Jan. 62 BC) (NW of Florence, 150 miles from Rome) • Cicero hailed paterpatriae • However, his glory days were about to end.

  6. PubliusClodiusPulcher(c. 92 – 52) • born into Claudian(patrician) family • sister named Clodia • Catullus called her Lesbia in his poems • rumored to have poisoned her husband Bona Dea Scandal:Dec. 62 BC • women only; Vestal Virgins & patricians • held at house of PontifexMaximus Caesar • Pompeia, Caesar’s wife, cavorting w/ weird lady • Caesar’s ma, Aurelia, discovered the deception • divorce ensues • 61 BC, trial of Clodius, who was out of town (?) • Cicero destroyed alibi • jurors bribed; Clodius acquitted

  7. Revenge & Gangs • adopted by plebeian family to be tribune • 58 BC – instituted a law outlawing executions without trial • Cicero into voluntary exile to Greece • Titus Annius Milo became tribune in 57 and recalled Cicero • Pompey supported Cicero’s return (esp. since Cicero did not support Caesar) • Clodius’ gang vs. Milo’s gang (perhaps supported by Pompey) • Jan. 18, 52 BC – murder on Appian Way • Clodius killed • Cicero defended Milo • Milo convicted & exiled

  8. Death of Cicero • Antony a political rival • Cicero regaining power and popularity • Philippics – 14 speeches against Antony • Delivered in 44 – 43 BC • Argued that Antony was taking too many liberties • Cicero executed • Fulvia, Antony’s wife & Clodius’ former wife, spat on head, pierced tongue w/ hairpins • Man who betrayed Cicero – turned over to Pomponia, Quintus’ ex-wife (Q = C’s bro) • Forced man to cut off his own flesh bit by bit, roast the pieces, and eat them

  9. The Waning Days of the Republic • 31 BC – Battle of Actium • 30 BC – Antony and Cleopatra die • 27 BC – Octavian given title “Augustus” • Empire begins

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