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The Role of Carbohydrates

The Role of Carbohydrates. Energy Sufficient energy from carbohydrates prevents production of ketones as an alternate energy source Excessive ketones can result in high blood acidity and ketoacidosis High blood acidity damages body tissues. The Role of Carbohydrates. Energy

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The Role of Carbohydrates

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  1. The Role of Carbohydrates • Energy • Sufficient energy from carbohydrates prevents production of ketones as an alternate energy source • Excessive ketones can result in high blood acidity and ketoacidosis • High blood acidity damages body tissues

  2. The Role of Carbohydrates • Energy • Insufficient carbohydrate intake causes the body to find an alternate source of glucose • Often proteins are used for gluconeogenesis – the production of new glucose

  3. The Role of Carbohydrates • Fiber • May reduce the risk of colon cancer • May reduce the risk of heart disease • May enhance weight loss • Help prevents hemorrhoids, constipation, and diverticulosis

  4. How Much Carbohydrate? • Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is 130 grams/day just to supply the brain with glucose. • 45-65% of daily calorie intake should be in the form of carbohydrates. • Focus on foods high in fiber and low in added sugars.

  5. Simple vs. Complex Carbs • Diets high in simple sugars: • Can cause dental problems such as cavities and gum disease • Are associated with increased levels of “bad cholesterol” • Are associated with decreased levels of “good cholesterol”

  6. Simple vs. Complex Carbs • The Adequate Intake (AI) of fiber is 14 grams for every 1,000 kcal in the diet. • Most Americans eat only half the recommended amounts of fiber. • Whole grain foods are a more healthful choice than foods with added sugar.

  7. Alternative Sweeteners • Nutritive sweeteners • Contain 4 kcal energy per gram • Sucrose, fructose, honey, brown sugar, sugar alcohols • Non-nutritive (alternative) sweeteners • Provide little or no energy

  8. Alternative Sweeteners • Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADI) have been established for: • aspartame • sucralose • acesulfame-K • No ADI has been set for saccharin but it has been removed from the list of cancer-causing agents.

  9. Alternative Sweeteners

  10. Health Disorders • Three health disorders related to carbohydrate metabolism are • Diabetes • Hypoglycemia • Lactose intolerance

  11. Diabetes • Diabetes • Inability to regulate blood glucose levels • Three types: • Type 1 diabetes • Type 2 diabetes • Gestational diabetes • Untreated diabetes can cause nerve damage, kidney damage, blindness, and can be fatal

  12. Symptoms of Diabetes

  13. Diabetes • Type 1 diabetes • Accounts for 10% of all cases • Patients do not produce enough insulin • Causes hyperglycemia – high blood sugar (glucose) • Requires insulin injections • May be an autoimmune disease

  14. Diabetes • Type 2 diabetes • Most diabetics have Type 2 diabetes • Body cells are insensitive or unresponsive to insulin • Excess insulin is often produced • Causes hyperglycemia because cells cannot take in the glucose from the blood

  15. Diabetes • Type 2 diabetes • Cause is unclear but genetics, obesity, and physical inactivity play a role • Treated with diet, exercise, and possibly oral medications • Healthy lifestyle choices may prevent or delay onset of type 2 diabetes

  16. Hypoglycemia • Hypoglycemia • Low blood sugar (glucose) • Reactive hypoglycemia results when too much insulin is produced after a meal • Causes shakiness, sweating, anxiety • Fasting hypoglycemia results when too much insulin is produced even when the patient has not eaten

  17. Lactose Intolerance • Lactose intolerance • Insufficient lactase production causes an inability to digest lactose found in dairy products • Symptoms include intestinal gas, bloating, nausea, cramping, diarrhea • Lactose intolerant people may need to find alternate sources of calcium

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