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Tsardom's Strength in 1914 Russia: A Political Analysis

Explore the dynamics of Tsardom in 1914 Russia through Stolypin's reforms, socio-economic challenges, and the impacts of the war. Delve into the factors leading to the dual revolutions of 1917.

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Tsardom's Strength in 1914 Russia: A Political Analysis

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  1. Russia 1914-1917 Before the Revolutions

  2. How strong was Tsardom in 1914? (1) • Stolypin’s measures effective in restoring order in the countryside • Reform to build up Kulak class inspired but effects were limited • Dumas limited in power • Little done to win loyalty from urban poor • Lena Goldfields massacre (1912)

  3. How strong was Tsardom in 1914? (2) • Some argue that Russian society fragmenting after 1861- rural society breaking down • Little link between urban workers & new urban middle classes • Bolshevik party was stronger than ever, working classes politically conscious

  4. How strong was Tsardom in 1914? (3) • Other historians argue that Bolsheviks were not in such a strong position – militants likely to distrust middle class intelligentsia • Great strides made in the economy – over 8% growth in the 1890s, between 1906-1913 6% • BUT growth not uniform – Russia not performing well against other economies • 1913 industry=only 20%national income & only 18% Russians were urban • Russia was largest debtor nation by 1914

  5. Russia & the War • Can be argued that performance in War was not as bad as first thought • But Russian Home Front was first to collapse • Poor decisions by government over taxation – policies led to inflation • Tsar refused to listen to advice – connection with Rasputin undermined tsarist authority • Loyalty of the Army faded • Any positive successes undermined by military failure

  6. Why were there 2 revolutions in 1917? (1) • Tsar abdicated – power passed to Provisional Govt – revolution quite spontaneous • ‘Dual’ power in Petrograd but neither really in control • Prov govt continued with War & was then overthrown in October • Soviets argued that Bolsheviks already important in creating climate of discontent • Lenin’s return critical

  7. Why were there 2 revolutions in 1917? (2) • Chernov hesitant • Kerensky’s influence faded – attacked by both Left & Right • Importance of Lenin – a practical & flexible politician • Soviets argue that 2nd Revolution was inevitable • Essentially rising of masses but guided by the Bolsheviks • Successful because there was a power vacuum

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