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The Influence of Immigrants on American Art and Literature (1815-1860)

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matty
20 diapositives · 363 Views · Aug 13, 2014

Between 1815 and 1860, over five million immigrants, primarily from Ireland and Germany, shaped American culture. The Irish potato famine and German escapes from oppression enriched the social landscape. Nativism emerged as a reaction, giving rise to groups like the Know Nothings. The Second Great Awakening fostered a revivalist spirit, inspiring reform movements. Meanwhile, literary figures such as Emerson, Thoreau, and Poe reflected Romanticism and Transcendentalism, emphasizing individualism and nature. This era redefined American identity, blending diverse influences into a unique artistic expression.

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  1. Art and Literature in America

  2. Immigrants • 1815-1860 • Over 5 million • IRISH • Largest wave of immigrants • nearly 2 million • Potato famine in 1845 • GERMANS • 2nd largest group of immigrants • 1.5 million • Escape violence, repressions, & failed revolutionaries

  3. Nativism • feelings ofhostility towards foreigners • Anti-Catholic: Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner, 1849 • Membership was secret and those questioned replied “I know nothing” • Became known as the Know Nothings

  4. The Second Great Awakening • Commitment to organized religion was weakening • 1800s revive American commitment to religion • Salvation through faith • Religion as American Culture • Start several reform movements • Abolition • Temperance

  5. The Message • Individuals must readmit God and Christ into their daily lives • All could attain grace through faith

  6. Charles Grandison Finney • advocate of Second Great Awakening • Everybody had the capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation • Founded modern revivalism • Warned against using to politics to change society

  7. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints • Mormons • Joseph Smith, 1830 • Published The Book of Mormon • Brigham Young became the leader and they moved to Utah • Build a kingdom on earth

  8. Utopian Communities • society tended to corrupt human nature • Way to a better life was to separate themselves from society and form their own utopia, or ideal society • Cooperative living and the absence of private property • Brook Farm • Onedia Community • New Harmony

  9. Shakers • Religious group • Social & spiritual equality • Did not believe in marrying or having children so their group dissolved

  10. Literature • Romanticism: • feeling over reason • inner spirituality over external rules, • individual over society • nature over environments created by humans • Transcendentalism: • New England writers • Overcome limits of the mind • Let their souls reach out

  11. Ralph Waldo Emerson • Most influential transcendentalist • In Nature, 1836, • communion with the natural world

  12. Henry David Thoreau • Civil Disobedience • Resistance to civil gov’t • Encouraged Martin Luther King, Jr. and Ghandi • Walden • Simple living; natural

  13. James Fenimore Cooper • The Last of the Mohicans • 1826 • The Leather Stocking Tales • Writes about West and U.S. adventures • Not about Great Britain = U.S. Nationalism

  14. Nathaniel Hawthorne • Short stories: • 2 major romances: • The Scarlett Letter • The House of Seven Gables • Dark Romanticism: guilt, sin, and evil are inherent qualities of people

  15. Noah Webster • Textbook author • Spelling reformer • “Father of American Scholarship and Education” • Webster Dictionary • American English (not British)

  16. Washington Irving • Father of the American Short Story • Legend of Sleepy Hollow • Rip Van Winkle

  17. Alex de Toqueville • Democracy in America • Noticed uniquely American ideas: • Individualism • Capitalism

  18. Edgar Allen Poe • Wrote poems and short stories • “The Raven” • Tell-Tale Heart

  19. Hudson River School • Landscape painters • Mid-1800s • Romanticism • American Art • Glorified American Landscape

  20. Penny Press • Inexpensive newspapers • Local news & gossip • Specialized Magazines • Atlantic Monthly • Harper’s Weedkly • Goedy’s Landy’s Book