Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 Success for All Students in the General Education Classroom Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 1.1

2. Inclusion Concepts • Mainstreaming is the inclusion of students with special needs in the general education program for any part of the school day • Full Inclusion is where students do not leave the general classroom to receive services • Inclusionis the meaningful participation of students with special needs in general education classrooms and programs Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2

3. Special Students • Students with disabilities • Gifted and talented students • Culturally and linguistically diverse students • Students at-risk for school failure Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 1.3

4. Landmark Legislation • Education: • The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975. • The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997. • The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004. • Civil Rights • Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 • Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 1.4

5. Educational Environments for Students with DisabilitiesAges 6-21 1999-2000 [Fig. 1-1] Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 1.5

6. The Role of Special Education • Special Education • Related Services • Supplementary Aids and Services • Individualized Education Program • Least Restrictive Environment Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 1.6

7. Special Education • 2/3 MALE • 2/3 LD & Speech • 88% (LD, Speech, MR & ED) • IDEA 2004 (formerly PL 94-142 passed by Congress in 1975; formerly IDEA 97) Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc.

8. Special Education Facts: • NO $ • Anywhere • Individualized • Disability present and interferring with education • Birth-21 • IEP (Individualized Education Plan) • Inclusion should be considered first Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc.

9. Placement in the Least Restrictive Environment [Fig. 1-4] Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 1.7

10. Current Issues and Trends • A Nation at Risk (1983) • America 2000 (1990), Goals 2000 (1994) • Standards Movement • No Child Left Behind (2001) • Increase accountability • Focus on what works • Reduce bureaucracy and increase flexibility • Empower parents Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 1.8

11. People-First Language • Do not use generic labels • Not “the retarded” • Instead “individuals with mental retardation” • Put people first, not their disability • “a person with a disability” • Emphasize abilities, not limitations • “uses a wheelchair” rather than “confined to a wheelchair” Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 1.9

12. Special Education Process [Fig. 1-5] Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 1.10

13. Video Question (“A New IDEA”) • What does this have anything to do with me? How might children/individuals with disabilities impact my life in the future and why is this class important for me to take because of it? Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc.

14. Activity • Study Figure 1-3 on page 17 • What will be the general educator’s responsibility with Tiffany and Josh? • What will be the special educator’s responsibility with Tiffany and Josh? Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Chapter 2 Collaboration and the Team Approach Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 2.1

16. Teams Serving Students • Prereferral Team • Assessment Team • Individualized Education Team Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 2.2

17. IDEA Provisions • Assessment Team • IEP Team • Due Process Hearing • Child Find • Confidentiality • Surrogate Parent • Transition Services Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 2.3

18. Roles of Team Members • Building Principals • Special Education Administrators • General Education Teachers • Special Education Teachers • Itinerant teachers • Speech-language Pathologists • Parents and Students • School Psychologists • School Social Workers • School Counselors • School Nurses Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 2.4

19. Other Team Members • Physical Therapists • Occupational Therapists • Adaptive Physical Education Teachers • Early Interventionist • Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors • Audiologists • Assistive Technology Specialists Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 2.5

20. Prereferral Interventions • Data Collection • Collaboration with Parents and Colleagues • Classroom Modifications • General Education and Community Resources Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 2.6

21. Video Clip • Pre-referral Conversation • Complete Figure 2-2 based on the information you receive on “Kayla” from the video case study. • As a team, do you feel you have enough data to support a referral for special education for her? • Why is this pre-referral process important? Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc.

22. Collaboration Throughout the Process • Referral • Assessment • Designing the IEP Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 2.7

23. Referral for Special Ed Services • Group Activity: • Listen to Eukee the Jumpy, Jumpy Elephant • Completed the special ed referral from figure 2-4 Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc.

24. Required Components of the IEP • Present level of performance • Measurable annual goals • Progress toward goals • Special Education and related services provided • Extent of participation with nondisabled peers • Participation and/or accommodations to state/district assessments • Projected dates, location, frequency, duration of services • Transition plans and services • Other Considerations Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 2.8

25. IEP Responsibilities of General Educators Group Activity: • Read through the Inclusion Tips on page 47. • What is one new thing you learned from these tips? • What is one lingering question you still have regarding IEP’s? Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc.

26. Types of Services • Special education • Related services • Supplementary aids and services • Program modifications and/or supports for school personnel Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 2.9

27. Program Options [Fig. 2-6] Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 2.10

28. Chapter 9 Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 9.1

29. Reflect on the following items: What kinds of problems does Hank exhibit? As a classroom teacher, what would you notice about Hank to “clue you in” that there might be something going on? What teaching strategies would you attempt with Hank? Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc.

30. Learning Disabilities • Different Definitions • Extreme difficulty in the acquisition of basic school skills • Adequate intellectual ability • Poor Learning Strategies Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 9.2

31. 5 Common Components of the Definition of LD • Intellectual functioning within normal range • Significant gap or discrepancy between a student’s assumed potential and their actual achievement • Inference that learning disabilities are not primarily caused by other disabilities or extrinsic factors • Difficulty in learning in one or more academic areas • Presumption of central nervous system dysfunction Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc.

32. Discrepancy Between Achievement and Intellectual Ability Construct • This is the traditional assessment process. • Has been used for over 40 years, since the 1975 Special Education Law. • The student’s achievement (what the student has actually learned) is compared to the student’s intellectual ability (what the student is potentially capable of learning). Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc.

33. IDEA 2004 Definition • Specific learning disability • Basic psychological processes • Processing problems using language, spoken or written • Manifests itself in ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do math calculations Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc.

34. Assessment • Norm Referenced Assessments • Intellectual functioning • Academic achievement • Criterion Referenced • Determining Reading Levels • Oral reading sample • Cloze procedure • Informal reading inventories • Readability measures Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 9.3

35. Interventions • Special Services • Classroom Adaptations • Compensation • Remediation • Teaching Basic Skills • Prompts Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 9.5

36. Reading • Phonological awareness • Reading fluency • Phonics • Advanced organizers • Repeated readings • Reciprocal teaching Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 9.6

37. Video 1: How Difficult Can This Be? Reading Decoding • How would you accommodate students who have dyslexia? Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc.

38. Handwriting, Spelling, and Written Expression • Dictionary skills and mini-dictionary • Test-study-test for spelling • Handwriting prompts • Opportunities to practice • Teach writing as a multi-stage process • Writing format • Mapping • Specific strategies • Writing groups • Word-processors • Educational software Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 9.7

39. Prompts for Basic Skill Instruction [Fig. 9-4] Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 9.8

40. Materials for Independent Practice [Fig. 9-5] Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 9.9

41. Organizational Map for Essay on Scorpions [Fig. 9-6] Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 9.10

42. Writing Strategies • CSPACE: Narratives • TREE: Opinion essay • COPS: Writing errors • CHECK: Spelling errors Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 9.11

43. Math • Algorithms • Visual prompts • Graph paper • Few problems per page • Automaticity/fluency • Manipulatives • Verbal prompts • Real situations for word problems • Key words • Class simulations • Problem solving strategy Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 9.12

44. Modifying Content-Area Instruction • Reading Assignments • Written Assignments • Exams • Math Skills Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 9.13

45. Video 2: Teaching Children w/LD; Adjusting for Learner Needs • What strategies might you actually use in your future classroom for individuals with learning disabilities? Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc.

46. Chapter 9 Teaching Students with ADD & ADHD Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc.

47. Video Clip #1: Coping with ADD Children • How would these students impact your future classroom and what would you have to do to accommodate them and/or assist them in being successful in your class? Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc.

48. ADHD Characteristics (APA, 1994)[Fig. 9-7] • Before age 7 • Persist 6 months • Present in more than one environment • Inattention • Hyperactivity • Impulsivity Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc. 9.14

49. ADHD Facts • AD/HD is not a separate category under IDEA. • Students with AD/HD usually receive services under the category of other health impairments. • AD/HD is defined by the American Psychiatric Association. • Frequency • Severity • To receive services under IDEA, the condition must adversely impact the student’s academic performance Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc.

50. Positive Traits of ADHD • Creativity • Imagination • Ability to hyper-focus • Sense of humor Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms 7th edition Rena B. Lewis and Donald Doorlag Pearson Education, Inc.