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Universal Education

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  1. Universal Education Chapter 4: Part D (pages 102-11)

  2. Universal Education • Educating all citizens for the common good • Novel idea prior to the Civil War because African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and women had limited opportunities to be educated • Two leaders of the Universal Education movement were Horace Mann and Henry Barnard

  3. Horace Mann • Instrumental in developing public schools and making the state financially responsible for schools • Established a system of grade levels by age and performance • Extended school calendars from 2-3 months to 10 months • Encouraged standardized textbooks and mandatory attendance

  4. Henry Barnard • Struggled for the Common School • A journalist who wrote about public education and European education reformers (Pestalozzi & Froebel) • Advocated strong teacher preparation programs and good pay to keep them

  5. Henry Barnard (cont.) • Thought teachers should teach civil values, basic skills, and especially English • Promoted the concept of a public high school that was good enough for the best, but cheap enough for the poorest

  6. Higher Education(Colleges & Universities) • Colonial colleges were: Harvard, Yale, and Princeton • For men to learn leadership skills • Morrill Act • provided land grant colleges for agricultural and mechanical instruction • These were the first “state” schools

  7. Teacher Training (pre-Civil War) • Most were prepared on the job with no college background • Usually first served as apprentices • Some attended a Teacher’s Institute • Developed by Barnard in 1839 • Private or semi-private

  8. Teacher Training (pre-Civil War) • Others attended Seminaries • Began in 1823 • Academy for girls to advance their teaching skills • Replaced by Normal Schools

  9. Normal Schools • Developed by Mann in 1839 • Public teacher training schools • Prospective teachers were trained to meet high standards or “norms”

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