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Chapter 15 Systems Development

Chapter 15 Systems Development. Why Develop an IS?. Three phenomena that trigger IS development An opportunity (proactive) A problem (reactive) A directive. The systems development life cycle. The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). The Systems Development Life Cycle ( SDLC ). Analysis

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Chapter 15 Systems Development

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  1. Chapter 15Systems Development

  2. Why Develop an IS? • Three phenomena that trigger IS development • An opportunity (proactive) • A problem (reactive) • A directive

  3. The systems development life cycle The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

  4. The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) • Analysis • Determines what need the system will satisfy • Investigation • Developers interview managers and perspective users to determine business needs. • Three feasibility studies performed.

  5. The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) • The Technical Feasibility Study • Ensures hardware and software exist to build the system • The Economic Feasibility Study • Benefits of the system weighed against the cost • The Operational Feasibility Study • Determines if system will be used as intended

  6. Phases in systems design The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) • Design Logical Design • Translation of user requirements into detailed functions of the system Physical Design Construction Systems Testing

  7. The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) • Implementation • Training • Conversion • Parallel Conversion • Phased Conversion • Cold Turkey Conversion • Pilot Conversion

  8. Activities in systems support The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) • Support

  9. Prototyping • Systems developed using an Iterative Process • Purpose is to develop a working model as quickly as possible, which can be tweaked and revised • Significantly shortens systems development backlog • Can increase risk of incompatibility and other unforeseen mishaps

  10. When to prototype and when not to prototype In prototyping, refinement of the system continues until users are satisfied. Prototyping

  11. Dimensions of project management IS development projects: challenges and failures Project Management • Project Management Goals • Complete the project on time. • Complete the project within budget. • Meet requirements. • Meet expectations.

  12. Project Management • Project Management Functions • Communication Management • Schedule Management • Quality Management • Financial Management • Resource Management

  13. The six steps of JAD Systems DevelopmentLed by End Users • JAD:An example of User-led Systems Development • Joint Application Development (JAD): method to be used in SDLU • Uses six-step process to take the team through planning and design

  14. Systems DevelopmentLed by End Users • JAD Critical Success Factors • All participants must be committed to JAD process. • Customers and IS people must agree on project’s scope. • Sponsor must be supportive and involved. • Team members must be empowered decision makers. • Business objectives must be clearly defined. • Business process must be understood. • Team members must be able to meet two or more days per week. • Members must be committed to the team.

  15. Chapter-16Alternative Avenues for Systems Acquisitions

  16. Outsourcing • Short-term contractualrelationship with a service firm to develop a specific application • Long-term contractualrelationship with a service firm to take over all or some of an organization’s IS functions

  17. Advantages of Outsourcing • Improved financial planning • Reduced license and maintenance fees • Increased attention to core business • Shorter implementation cycles • Reduction of personal and fixed costs • Increased access to highly qualified know-how? • Increased security

  18. Outsourcing • Risks of Outsourcing • Loss of control • Loss of experienced employees • Risks of losing a competitive advantage

  19. Risks of outsourcing are higher at higher levels of management. Outsourcing IT 3133

  20. The InformationSystems Subsidiary • IS service companies that are owned by and served by one large company • Some grow large enough to service the market at large • Some corporations purchase an IS consulting firm

  21. Purchased Applications • Why Purchase? • Immediate system availability • High quality • Low price • Available support

  22. Purchased Applications • Purchasing Risks • Loose fit between needs and features • Bankruptcy of the vendor • High turnover of vendor personnel

  23. Renting Software • On-site Renting • Client purchases a license to use a certain application for a specified time • Renting Through the Web • Application installed at vendor’s location; client accesses through the Web or leased line

  24. Benefits and risks of software rental through the Web Renting Software

  25. User Application Development • Factors Encouraging User Application Development • The widespread use of PCs • The emergence of 4GLs • Increasing popularity of prototyping • Increasing popularity of client/server architecture

  26. User Application Development • Advantages of user application development • Shortened lead times • Good fit to needs • Free IS staff time

  27. User Application Development • Risks of user application development • Poorly developed applications • Duplication • Security problems • Poor documentation

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