World War I and the Aftermath

1. World War I and the Aftermath Chapter 28

2. I. Introduction • 1st modernized war • Old tactics met new technology producing mass slaughter! • 1st war in which airplane was used • Other new technology: machine gun, tank, chemical warfare, submarine • Global warfare • Result of imperialism • Extensive alliances (MANIA) • Triple Entente- Britain, France and Russia • Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire

3. II. The War and Before • Imperialism led to conflict over territory • Arms build ups with extensive mobilization plans • Jingoism- extreme militaristic nationalism • Balkans were consistently a problem • Diverse, Slavic region • Serbia was free of Ottoman control and resistant to Austria-Hungary’s control • Archduke Ferdinand and his Wife went on a trip to Serbia • GavrielPrincip assassinated both of them

4. II. The War and Before • Balkans (continued) • Austria-Hungary sought to punish Serbia • Russia vowed to back up their fellow Slavs • Brings in all of the Alliances • The War Plan • Germany had a 2 front war • Schlieffen Plan- Quickly overwhelm France and Britain and move on to Russia while they are still trying to mobilize • Didn’t work- led to a stalemate

6. II. The War and Before • Warfare • Millions died with little or no progress • Entente- Dead 5,712,379 Wounded 12,809,280 • Central – Dead 4,010,241 Wounded 8,419,533 • New Weapons caused high casualties- Old War Tactics • Diseases caused high casualties • Gallipoli • Tried to open supply route to Russia • Gain control of Constantinople • Ironically, a major advocate of plan was Winston Churchill, who at the time was Lord of the Admiralty

7. II. The War and Before • Russia • High number of casualties • Aristocratic officers • Poorly trained peasants • Lack of coding in communications • Nicholas II tried to take control of army • He gets blamed • Had to bail on Entente due to uprisings at home • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918

8. II. The War and Before • Home-fronts • Government takes over key industries • Shortages of food and fuel • Rationing • Women in the workforce • Women had to do the job of men • Suffrage in US • Extreme Nationalism • Propaganda • Citizens were very zealous

10. II. The War and Before • Colonies • Fought on the side of their colonial rulers • Supplied large amounts of raw materials • Japan • Allied with Britain to expel Germany from Shangdong Peninsula • Became an imperial power themselves • East Africa and Ottoman Empire sided with Germans • Ottoman Empire fell apart as a result

11. II. The War and Before • United States • Joins in 1917 • Helped break the stalemate • Brought into the war after Zimmerman Telegram (other stepping stones, German sub sinks the Lusitania) • The End • Freed from the Eastern Front, German made a huge advance • Turning point- 2nd Battle of the Marne • Tanks • Spanish Flu • German Surrender (shocked German people, their land was not invaded, occupied, destroyed like France) • Armistice Day- Nov 11, 1919 • Versailles Conference 1919- Germany had no representation

12. III. The Aftermath • France (Clemenceau) wanted to punish Germany • Take away territory and pay reparations • Wilson- Wanted peace and self-determination for people who wanted freedom • Wanted League of Nations • Did not want to punish Germany • League of Nations

13. III. The Aftermath • Peace of Paris • Germany had no say- Representatives forced • German territory broken up • Forced to pay reparations- collapsed economy • Austria-Hungary split up • Ignored Arab nations and promises to them • Actually divided their lands rather than help them • League of Nations • Ignored Japan and its encroachment of Chinese territory • US vetoed League of Nations and made separate treaty with Germany- Even though Wilson signed the Treaty of Versailles

14. IV. Colonial Problems • Colonies provided huge amounts of resources and personnel during war • “lesser humans” being asked to kill Europeans • Colonies give more self-governance during war

15. IV. Colonial Problems • India • Economy was hit hard during/after the war • Famines • Shortages • Broken promise of self-governance • Morley-Minto reforms- education and voting rights • Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms • Gave more power to India’s government • Rowlatt Act • Limited Indian Civil Rights • Mohandas Ghandi • Mass nonviolent protest (satyagraha) again colonial rule

16. IV. Colonial Problems • Egypt • European and Turkish rule angered them • Lord Cromer • High Commissioner of Egypt • Pushed for economic reform • Only benefitted wealthy class • Poor starving • Independence sought by effendi (business/professional class) • Brought problems of colonial rule to attention of people • Dinshawai incident • British accidental shooting of prayer leader’s wife • Resulted in riots

17. IV. Colonial Problems • Egyptian Revolt of 1919 • Result of huge burden on peasants • Went without food so soldiers could eat • Riots soon appeared across country • Britain regain control • Wafd Party- formed by Sa’dZaghul- unified nationalist movement • Britain pulls out between 1922-1936 • Vowed to protect Suez Canal • Egypt enters 30 years of chaos

18. IV. Colonial Problems • Middle East problems • Ottoman Empire divided up after WWI • Turkish Republic • Latin alphabet, woman suffrage • Syria, Lebanon and Iraq were promised independence • Occupied by British and French • Hussein- sheriff of Mecca • Used European help to overthrow Turks • Angered fellow Muslims

19. IV. Colonial Problems • Palestine • Promised to both Zionist and Arabs by Brits • Balfour Declaration- Lord Balfour promised Zionist a Jewish homeland • Leon Pinsker- Jewish intellectual who said Jewish assimilation impossible • Ex. Pogroms • Alfred Dreyfus • French Jew- accused of being German spy • Extreme French discrimination of Jews • World Zionist Organization- promoted Jewish migration to Palestine • Arabs feel betrayed so Britain pulls back support and then betrays Jews

20. IV. Colonial Problems • Africa starts to gain independence • Initially educated were loyal to Colonizers • Rebellions started after forced labor and food and supply shortages because of war • Britain and France back outs on promises • Pan-African Organization- United Africa • African American led • Marcus Garvey and W.E.B DuBois were influential in trying to break up African colonialism

21. V. Conclusion • WWI was the war to end all wars but actually first step to WWII • Germany felt like they were unfairly punished for the war (Economically and Politically War Guilt Clause) • After all, they were not the ones who started the war • Gives Hitler a chance to come to power • Communism gained a firm hold in Russia • Women gained more rights • White Supremacy looses hold in colonized holdings