Foundations of Liturgy

1. Foundations of Liturgy Fr. John Tapp – Sessions I & II Kathy Proefke – Sessions III & IV

2. Foundations of Liturgy Introduction - What is “Liturgy”? A Definition - History / Development of Liturgy Through the Eyes of Vatican II

3. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Several aims: - bring increased vigor to Christian life of faithful - adapt to the needs of the times - foster unity among all believers (think Gloria, Creed, Sanctus) - bring more people to the Church

4. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy How did this happen? - not in a vacuum - Pius X, Benedict XV, Pius XII (active participation, music, reform of Easter Vigil - Liturgical Reformers - Discovery / Translation of early Church works (ressourcement) - Practice / experimentation for decades preceding

5. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy How did this happen? (continued) - CSL - Consilium & Paul VI – especially the issue of the vernacular - Bishops’ Conferences - ICEL - Local level implementation

6. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Pivotal Paragraph #2 Liturgy: - faithful express in their lives and manifest to others Christ / Church - builds up and strengthens the faithful to preach Christ and show the Church to others

7. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Pivotal Paragraph #2 - not a top-down ecclesiology - centered on People of God – developed later in Lumen Gentium (Dogmatic Const. – 11/21/64 – priestly, prophetic, kingly) - roles of clergy and laity become clearer / defined later on in CSL

8. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Massimo Faggioli: “It is therefore clear that the ecclesiology of (CSL) does not contradict but ushers in and anticipates the communion ecclesiology of Vatican II as the pillar of the liturgical reform.” (True Reform, pp. 81-86)

9. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy “…something more is required than the mere observation of the laws governing valid and licit celebrations; it is (the duty of pastors) to ensure that the faithful take part fully aware of what they are doing, actively engaged in the rite, and enriched by its effects.” (#11)

10. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy “Mother Church earnestly desires that all the faithful should be led to that fully conscious, and active participation … the very nature of the liturgy.” (#14)

11. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy - Pastors of souls must zealously strive to achieve this full and active participation among all people - It is to be achieved “before all else” - Mentioned over 11 times in the document

12. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Christ always present in His Church: - Minister - Eucharistic species - Sacraments – “when a man (sic) baptizes it is really Christ Himself who baptizes” - Word - When the Church prays and sings (#7)

13. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Reminds us, liturgy is: - foretaste of heaven - call to conversion - evangelization - source and summit - PASCHAL

14. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy It’s all PASCHAL Mystery: - It is Christ who does this… - It is on-going (spiral, not circular) - It brings us more deeply in relationship with Christ / Church - It must be lived

15. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy - Immutable elements - Elements subject to change (#21)

16. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy And be distinguished by: - noble simplicity - short, clear, unencumbered - useless repetitions removed - within the peoples’ power of comprehension (translations?) - should not require much explanation (translations) (#34)

17. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy “In this restoration, both texts and rites should be drawn up so that they express more clearly the holy things which they signify; the Christian people…should be enabled to understand them with ease and to take part in them fully, actively, and as befits a community.” (#21)

18. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Changes: Ecclesiology - People of God - Proper roles – clergy (deacons too!) as well as various roles of laity (cantor, reader, server, EMs, participation) - Bishops’ Conferences - Local Church – Bishop’s role, DLC, DCLAA&E

19. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Changes: Active Participation - everyone’s role - acclamations, songs, responses - role of women

20. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Changes: - More scripture - Homilies - Prayer of Faithful - Inculturation – “the Church has no wish to impose a rigid uniformity…” (#37); JP II – “unity not uniformity” (Et unumsint)

21. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Changes: Liturgy - source and summit - this is the Church (not Rome, not the Pope, not the Clergy) - all sacraments connected to this

22. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Changes: - RCIA - Sacraments and Mass - Revision of Liturgy of the Hours (the Church’s prayer, not the prayer of the Clergy alone) - Liturgical Year – Easter is a BIG Sunday - Liturgical Calendar Revision

23. Two Thoughts: John Baldovin, SJ “…every effort should be made to ensure that our liturgical celebrations are truly reverent. This does not require that liturgies be celebrated with medieval choreography and lots of lace; it does mean that they must be carefully prepared and prayerfully celebrated.” (America, 5/27/13, p. 14)

24. Two Thoughts: John Baldovin, SJ - The second task: there needs to be a better connection for Catholics between the lives they live and what they celebrate in Church. - Robert Taft, SJ: “The liturgy is the Christian life in a nutshell.” Nothing more-nothing less. (America, 5/27/13, p. 14)

25. My Thoughts A few words about reverence: - isn’t the domain of a particular “form” - early Church, e.g. - Nicaragua and Haiti - Papal liturgies in stadiums - What can be more reverent than God speaking to us? God taking ordinary bread…? - how often is “reverence” referred to in CSL?

26. My Thoughts Liturgy and Life Connections - Early Reformers - Liturgy is meant to send us out… - And to return in order to be revitalized … and then sent out again

27. My Thoughts - Papal liturgies are not OUR norm, unless we include ALL papal liturgies • Liturgy is already planned; it’s our job to prepare - Pope Francis in Brazil:“are we still a Church capable of warming hearts?”

28. My Thoughts • Pope Francis in Brazil: In order to do this, the Church must stop being “too cold, perhaps too caught up with itself, perhaps a prisoner of its own rigid formulas, perhaps the world seems to have made the Church a relic of the past, unfit for new questions.” It needs to learn to be simple again, warm people’s hearts and “rediscover the maternal womb of mercy.”

29. My Thoughts “We cannot keep ourselves shut up in parishes, in our communities when so many people are waiting for the Gospel!" Francis said in his homily Saturday. "It's not enough simply to open the door in welcome, but we must go out through that door to seek and meet the people.“

30. Foundations of Liturgy “History of the Mass” LTP Video

31. History of the Liturgy-First Four Centuries - house worship - baptism / breaking bread - communal use of goods

32. History of the Liturgy-First Four Centuries - First Apology, St. Justin (155- 57) - Didache (late 1st c. early 2nd c.) - Didascalia (215-30) - ApostolicTradition (Hippolytus) (215) - Apostolic Constitution (375-80)

33. History of the Liturgy-First Four Centuries - Persecutions of Christians - Constantine – Edict of Milan - Council of Nicea (325) – Creed - Council of Constantinople (381) – Trinitarian Issues - Barbarian Invasion

34. History of the Liturgy-Fifth to the Eighth Centuries - Liturgy translated into vernacular (Greek to Latin) - Diversity in Liturgies from region to region - Rome was just another “region”

35. History of the Liturgy-Fifth to the Eighth Centuries Sacramentaries - Leonine (5th c) - Gelasian (6th-7th c – possibly Frankish) - Gregorian (8th c – sent by Pope Hadrian to Charlemagne)

36. History of the Liturgy-Fifth to the Eighth Centuries - Ambrosian Rite – Milan (Roman Liturgy with a certain ability to adapt) - Rite of Gaul – eastern influences; with allegorical interpretations - Hispanic / Mozarabic Rite

37. History of the Liturgy-Ninth and Tenth Centuries - Carolingian to Gregorian - Charlemagne: Roman books replace those used in Frankish Kingdom; just how “Roman” were they? - Pontifical developed - Liturgical diversity still in play

38. History of the Liturgy-Eleventh to Sixteenth Century Reforms of Gregory VII (1073-85) - Popes made liturgical decisions - accepted liturgical status of Divine Office - Multiplication of Religious Orders - Celibacy imposed on clergy

39. History of the Liturgy-Eleventh to Sixteenth Century - Crusades begin – Christianity “travels” - 13th Century a. Liturgy is duty / right of clerics; laity become more passive b. Celebrated in Latin – no longer vernacular language c. 15th Century – printing press

40. History of the Liturgy-Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century Council of Trent - Response to Reformation - Original meaning of Mass / sacraments become obscured - Superfluous rituals creep in

41. History of the Liturgy-Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century 16th Century - need for reform; considered / but put off - Reformers started to change things on their own - Trent: two “tables” at Mass; denied use of vernacular; use of chalice left up to the Pope

42. History of the Liturgy-Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century Council of Trent - Revised Missal - Establish uniformity in Rites - Affirmed primary importance of Sunday - Rubrics printed in books - Didn’t have early Church documents that we now possess - Breviary codified - Brought about 3 centuries of liturgical stability

43. History of the Liturgy-Twentieth Century Pius X to John XXIII (1903-1962) - liturgical renewal – Abbeys in France, Germany, Spain - Pius X: a. Music guidelines (polyphony and chant) b. Active role of laity c. Frequent communion – adults and children

44. History of the Liturgy-Twentieth Century - Sundays: made a priority OVER saints days - Clergy needed to educate faithful about liturgy - After WW II, there was a sense that greater reforms were needed / vernacular should be used

45. History of the Liturgy-Twentieth Century Pius XII - began working on more general reform of liturgy - 1951 – Easter Vigil: restored to night - 1955 – restored Holy Week - Began allowing limited use of vernacular (with Epistle / singing)

46. History of the Liturgy-Twentieth Century “Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy” (1963)

47. Foundations of Liturgy St. Gregory the Great: “As long as there is unity in faith, diversity in usage is not detrimental to Holy Church.”