1. Section 7.2 Watching Europe’s War

2. Today Agenda • 7.2 Slide Show • Presentations • Homework • Finish Reading 7.2

3. Today’s ObjectivesAt the end of this lesson, you should be able to: • Define Triple Entente/ Central Powers and list its member • Define neutrality and describe its complexity &/or hypocrisy in American policy • Identify the Zimmerman Note • Identify Lusitania as the catalyst of America’s formal entry into WWI • Identify major economic reasons for America’s entry into WWI

5. Anthem for Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen What passing-bells for these who die as cattle?Only the monstrous anger of the guns.Only the stuttering rifles' rapid rattleCan patter out their hasty orisons.No mockeries for them from prayers or bells,Nor any voice of mourning save the choirs,-The shrill, demented choirs of wailing shells;And bugles calling for them from sad shires.What candles may be held to speed them all?Not in the hands of boys, but in their eyesShall shine the holy glimmers of good-byes.The pallor of girls' brows shall be their pall;Their flowers the tenderness of patient minds,And each slow dusk a drawing-down of blinds.

6. Introduction to WWI

7. Why do nations go to war? Ideology Revenge What justifies Going to War? Preemptive Strike Economic needs Other Reasons? National Prestige Alliance Obligations An Attack or Threat

8. Describe Europe on the Eve of War, June 1914 Germany competes with GB’s naval supremacy Germany’s militarism threatens France and Russia Russia, Aus-Hun, Ottoman Emp. vie for control of Balkans Russian, Germany, GB, France compete for empire Serbian Nationalists agitate to unite Southern Slavs

9. Balkan Peninsula In 1914 The Austro-Hungarian Empire controlled Bosnia, a territory with thousands of ethnic Serbs.

10. What events led to the outbreak of the Great War? 1914 JuneJulyAugust Central Powers at war with Triple Entente in 8/4/14 Archduke of Austria Assassinated in Sarajevo on 6/14/14 Austria-Hungary declare war on Serbia 7/28/14 Wilson declares American neutrality 8/4/14

11. Ferdinand Assassinated

12. Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Triple Entente (Allies) France Great Britain Russia What was the Alliance system?Security guarantees between major European powers

13. Alliance System

14. Enthusiasm for War

15. Describe the nature of the fighting. • Germany gained territory at first • halted to a stalemate along the Western and Eastern Fronts

16. The Fronts

17. Describe the nature of the fighting. War was most destructive the world had seen up to that point • Battle of Verdun (Feb-July 1916) • French lost 315 thousand • Germany lost 280 thousand • Battle of the Somme • GB lost 60 thousand in one day

18. Battle of the Somme

19. Why were the casualties so high? • Traditional Strategy + Advanced weaponry • Infantry ‘charges’ • “Over the top!” • Advanced weaponry • Machine gun • Artillery • Mustard gas • Barbed wire • Tanks • Trench warfare • Submarine warfare • U-Boats • Dogfights

20. Agenda for Today • Finish 7.2 • Homework • Finish reading 7.2 • Begin reading 7.3 (by Thursday)

21. 1915-1916

22. What was America’s official policy toward the war? • Neutral • “We must be impartial in thought as well as in action.” • Despite diverse population of immigrants, most Americans supported this view.

23. American Neutrality

24. Was America really neutral? • Strong economic ties to Allies • See Thomas Lamont quote on 216 • British controlled flow of information • Cut Transatlantic cable in 1914

25. Propaganda and Economic Impact

26. What happened to the Lusitania? • British passenger ship • Secretly carried American arms to the allies • May 7, 1915 the Lusitania was sunk by German U-Boats

27. Lusitania

28. Describe the election of 1916. • Wilson wins on anti-war platform • “He kept us out of war!” • In reality America has sided with the Allies • $2.25 billion in loans • Attracted to post war investment • Wanted an American voice at peace settlement

29. What was the Zimmerman Note? • Zimmerman Note • German cable to Mexico promised pre-1848 territory if Mexico side with Germany

30. Why did German U-boats begin to attack American shipping? • British blockade of North Sea prevented food from entering Germany • Germany was starving & had nothing to lose • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare resumed 1/31/1917 • Many US ship sent to bottom of Atlantic

31. Why does Wilson ask Congress to declare war? • ‘To make the world safe for democracy’ • Believed the “American System” would save the world • "When properly directed, there is no people in the world not fitted for self-government." • Hoped to spread American Style democracy, capitalism, and Christian morality