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YALE/TULANE ESF-8 PLANNING AND RESPONSE PROGRAM SPECIAL REPORT (JAPAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI)

YALE/TULANE ESF-8 PLANNING AND RESPONSE PROGRAM SPECIAL REPORT (JAPAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI). KEY LINKS. BACKGROUND. GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN http ://www.kantei.go.jp INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS RELIEFWEB UNICEF International Nuclear Safety Center International Atomic Energy Agency

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YALE/TULANE ESF-8 PLANNING AND RESPONSE PROGRAM SPECIAL REPORT (JAPAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI)

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  1. YALE/TULANE ESF-8 PLANNING AND RESPONSE PROGRAM SPECIAL REPORT (JAPAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI) KEY LINKS BACKGROUND • GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN • http://www.kantei.go.jp • INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS • RELIEFWEB • UNICEF • International Nuclear Safety Center • International Atomic Energy Agency • Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System • WHO • US GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS • The Department of State • U.S Embassy in Japan • State Dept.'s DipNote on Twitter • State Dept. Background Note • U.S. Agency for International Development • OFDA • Library of Congress Country Study - Japan • CIA World Fact Book • The Department of Defense • Pacific Command • 7th Fleet • Yokota Air Base, Japan • The Department of Homeland Security • The Department of Health and Human Services • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention • CDC- Tsunami • CDC-Earthquake • CDC-Radiation Emergencies • EPA • FEMA Blog • US Geological Survey • NOAA Center for Tsunami Research • NOAA Pacific Tsunami Warning Center • PORTALS AND RESOURCES • All Partners Access Network (APAN) • Japan Disaster Wiki • CATDAT and Earthquake Reports • GDACS • Center of Excellence – Disaster Management Humanitarian Assistance • Earthquake Research Institute, University of TokyoNational Center for Disaster Medicine and Public Health • Google Crisis Resources • LIBRARY • National Medical Library – Japan Earthquake • Disaster Information Management Research Center • Radiation Emergency Medical Management CURRENT SITUATION GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN JAPANESE RED CROSS US RESPONSE UN RESPONSE OTHER ORGANIZATIONS A 9.0 magnitude earthquake hit Japan, unleashing a tsunami. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT SHELTER LOGISTICS & TRANSPORTATION FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR ACCIDENT AS OF 0800 HRS EDT 1 APRIL 2011

  2. EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI • On 11 Mar 2011 05:46 UTC, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake struck 400km north-east of Tokyo off the coast of Japan, triggering a tsunami that flattened parts of the northeast coastline. The waves were as high as 15 meters in the worst affected areas, destroyed everything in their path, and went 6 km inland. • The earthquake’s hypocenter was 24.4 kilometers deep (shallow; most dangerous).The 9.0 magnitude makes it the fourth largest in the world since 1900 and the largest in Japan since modern instrumental recordings began 130 years ago. • Worst-affected areas are the prefectures (states) of Miyagi, Fukushima, Iwate, Yamagata, Ibaraki, Chiba, Akita and Aomori. The tsunami caused severe damage along 600 km of northeast coastal regions. • The population in these areas before the disaster was estimated at over 14.8 million people, of which 1.6 million lived within 5 km of the coast. Areas near the coastal city of Sendai in Miyagi prefecture were the hardest hit, and had a population of some 1 million people. • The initial tsunami was reportedly as high as 33 feet at the port of Sendai, the prefecture capital located some 180 miles (300 km) from Tokyo and 128 km from the epicenter. The JMA reported that the highest tsunami wave was more than 49 feet high in Mekawa, Miyagi. • According to the Geospatial Information Authority and the UN, the tsunami inundated 400 km2 in four prefectures (an area equivalent to 20% of the area of Tokyo). About 190 out of 300 km of waterfront in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima was partially or entirely destroyed. • DEATH AND DESTRUCTION • The earthquake and tsunami have resulted in a death toll of 11,532 with an additional 16,351 missing • Approximately 173,200 people are sheltering in over 2,000 evacuation centers, mostly in the north of Japan. The number of evacuees has dropped significantly due to more accurate reporting and some returning to homes, though without electricity or water • Police expect the number of deaths to rise further as there appear to be entire families missing and no one left to file reports. • The natural disasters also damaged or destroyed more than 24,000 buildings and 2,126 roads. JAPAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMIBACKGROUND OCHA Sit Rep 15: 30 March 2011 WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 21: 30 March 2011 USAID Fact Sheet #13: 24 March 2011 US Geological Survey NOAA Center for Tsunami Research

  3. CATDAT AND EARTHQUAKE-REPORT.COM

  4. SITUATION • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • While basic needs for food, water, toiletries and medicines are being met, more sustainable solutions are being sought. Priority needs are fuel, prefabricated housing, clothing and medicine. Coordination and logistics remain problematic. • Rain, snow storms and sub-freezing overnight temperatures are expected to continue through 1 April. The weather, lack of fuel, amount of debris, and damaged roads hampers delivery of aid to many smaller evacuation centers; relief items are being delivered on foot in some places. • Aftershocks are less frequent, but aftershocks of 7.0 magnitude or higher could still occur and trigger more tsunami. • Authorities are trying to consolidate the number of shelters and provide children and the elderly with better access to services. Many do not want to relocate because they are still searching for family members. Relocation is also difficult for the elderly and those who have moved several times already. • Some of the 2,000 evacuation centers are in large government buildings such as schools and sports stadiums, but hundreds more are in unofficial shelters such as houses with <30 evacuees. • Construction has begun on temporary housing and the Government of Japan (GoJ) is planning to make public housing available to evacuees. The GOJ plans to have 30,000 houses built by 16 May. OCHA SitRep No. 15: 30 March 2011 WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 21: 30 March 2011 COE Update: 28 March 2011 U.S. Embassy Tokyo News Update: 28 March 2011

  5. SITUATION • GAS - Slow improvement: some 330,00 households remain without gas supply. • FUEL • 88 % of gasoline, diesel and kerosene shipments have resumed to the Tohoku region, however there is still a serious fuel shortage. The number of operating fuel stations is limited, while the number of emergency vehicles requiring fuel is increasing. • The GoJ says 11,257,000 liters of fuel have been delivered to affected areas as of 30 March. 29,000 liters are in transit. • FOOD- The Emergency Disaster Response Headquarters estimates 12.5 million meals have been delivered to evacuation centers and hospitals to date. ~830,000 meals were delivered on 28 March. This does not include distribution of food items by municipalities, NGOs, private sector, and Japan’s Self Defense Force. • WATER • Water supply has improved about 25%. As of 30 March, approximately 372,000 households remain without water in nine prefectures, compared to over 652,254 households on 27 March. In the worst affected areas, it may be a month before water is restored. • The Emergency Disaster Response Headquarters reports that approximately 4.8 million bottles of water have been delivered to evacuation centers. • ELECTRICITY - As of 30 March, approximately 190,000 households remain without power, mostly in the Tohoku Region. • COMMUNICATIONS- More than 90% of telecommunications has been restored, but some 118,927 telephone lines remain out of service. 2,046 mobile service base stations remain down. Some mobile companies provide free satellite phone, cell phone and charger as well as disaster messaging services. • SEWAGE – Sewage treatment plants and sewer lines were damaged or destroyed throughout the quake area. It is unclear how long it will take to repair the systems. According to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, 15 sewage systems are damaged or not functioning in Iwate, 59 in Miyagi, and 14 in Fukushima. This is a slight improvement in Iwate and Fukushima. • DEBRIS - In Miyagi, debris is estimated at 15 to 18 million tons; equivalent to 23 years worth of waste for the prefecture. It has capacity to dispose of 0.8 million tons per year. Authorities say it will take three years to remove all the debris, not including cars and boats.GoJ plans to cover most of the removal costs. • EDUCATION – The academic year starts in April, but ~1,700 public schools (70%) have been damaged in the three most affected prefectures. Many schools and universities are still being used as evacuation centers. • RADIATION CONTAMINATION • The International Atomic Energy Agency says the situation at the Fukushima plant remains serious. A Joint FAO/IAEA Food Safety Assessment Team met with authorities on 28 March to monitor the contamination levels in food and agricultural products. • Radioactive water found in and outside reactor building is delaying work to restore cooling functions of the Fukushima plant. • Seawater surrounding the plant has reached a much higher level of radiation than previously reported. Samples report I-131 levels at 3,355 times the legal limit. Japan’s Nuclear Safety Agency says this does not pose a health risk. The MHLW expressed the need to study the long-term impact it may have on marine life. • I-131 levels exceeding acceptable limits for infants was found in tap water in Saitama, Ibaraki, Tochigi and Chiba Prefectures. Authorities of Tochigi Prefecture and the cities of Hitachi and Kasama in Ibaraki Prefecture have advised against using tap water for babies. • The authorities in Saitama have not issued this warning, as the measured values have decreased. • Radioactive materials exceeding Japan’s legal limits were found in 11 types of vegetables grown in Fukushima Prefecture as well as in the water there. The GoJ has ordered residents not to consume or sell the vegetables, or drink tap water or milk there. Seafood is being monitored in Ibaraki and Chiba prefectures. OCHA SitRep No. 15: 30 March 2011WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 21 30 March 2011 WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 20: 29 March 2011USAID Fact Sheet #13: 24 March 2011

  6. SITUATION CURRENT ASSESSMENT • HEALTH • People continue to face cold temperatures with insufficient heating, including in the evacuation centers. Hypothermia has been reported, particularly among the elderly. • Around 60% of the evacuation centers have patients who need immediate psychosocial support. • Some 346 elderly people and people with disabilities in evacuation centers have beenmoved to special facilities (e.g. nursing homes). Possible standby beds in special facilities include: 35,557 beds for elderly, 48,756 beds for people with disabilities, 7,148 beds for children with disabilities. Additionally, 919 beds are available in shelters. • As of 26 March, 52 deaths in shelters have been reported, particularly among the elderly. • DRINKING WATER • In Fukushima Prefecture, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) has advised against drinking tap water in Iitate Village. The restriction continues. • As of 30 March tap water from Date City, Tsukitate Small-Scale Water Supply Utility and Iwaki City, Water Supply Utility in Fukushima Prefecture. cannot be used for infant feeding. • FOOD SAFETY On 31 March, radioactivity in 25 of 76 food samples exceeded the provisional regulation values. Of the total 699 food samples that have • been tested to date,124 food samples from Chiba, Fukushima, Gunma, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Tokyo exceeded the provisional regulation values. NOTE: Assessment estimates are for the impacted areas. The overall infrastructure outside of the affected areas remains strong. G R B A Not a Major Concern Currently Working But Inadequate Generally Ineffective Non-Functional Or Destroyed Unknown MEDICAL OPERATIONS AND PUBLIC HEALTH PRIMARY CARE COMMUNICATIONS MORTUARY AFFAIRS FUEL/GAS HOSPITALS VETERINARY MED SUPPLY ELECTRICITY EVACUATION SHELTER R R A A R A R R R R JAPAN PUBLIC HEALTH COMMUNICABLE DISEASES SANITATION WATER MENTAL HEALTH RADIATION SURVEILLANCE FOOD WASTE\DEBRIS SEWAGE R R A R R A A R R R B JAPAN OVERALL PH/MEDICAL ASSESSMENT OCHA Sit Rep 15: 30 March 2011WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 21: 30 March 2011

  7. GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN RESPONSE • COORDINATION • The GoJ’s Emergency Management agencies are leading the response through the Emergency Response Team, headed by Prime Minister Naoto Kan. • The Tokyo Metropolitan Government announced that it will deploy about 1,000 officials to Miyagi and Iwate to reinforce prefectural government offices involved in emergency response. The Metropolitan Government is planning to station at least 100 officers per day in the affected prefectures from 2 April until at least mid May to provide non-emergency services and manage evacuation centers. • LIVELIHOODS - Over 22,700 people (18,201 in Miyagi, 3,282 in Iwate and 1,243 in Fukushima) have gone to local employment offices for jobs and benefits. Prefectural governments say the roughly 800,000 displaced workers should be given priority for construction and debris removal work. • ELECTRICITY & GAS • The GoJ says it will spend US$209.9 million (JPY1.7 billion) to solve the fuel shortage in the affected areas. • The GoJ says 11,257,000 liters of fuel has been delivered to the affected areas to date. Another 29,000 liters is in transit. Approximately 1 million liters arrived in the affected areas on 28 March. • SHELTER • The GoJ plans to have 30,000 houses built in the next two months. • The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is looking at available accommodation in Japan’s fishing and farming villages, where the population has decreased in recent years. The Ministry is collecting detailed information from local municipalities in order to make an allocation plan. • HEALTH & MEDICAL CARE • The MHLW has coordinated the deployment of doctors, pharmacists, social workers, dentists, care managers, child welfare and psychological specialists from various medical institutions to Iwate (more than 49 teams), Miyagi (more than 92 teams) and Fukushima (more than 3 teams). • 31 Japan Red Cross Society teams, 63 Japan Medical Association teams, and seven teams from All Japan Hospital Association are also operational in the affected areas. • WASH - The Emergency Disaster Response Headquarters reports that approximately 4.8 million bottles of water have been delivered to evacuation centers in the affected areas so far. • FOOD - The Emergency Disaster Response Headquarters reports that an estimated 12.5 million meals have been delivered to evacuation centers and hospitals in the affected areas to date. Approximately 830,000 meals were delivered on 28 March. The figure does not include distribution of food items by municipalities, NGOs, private sector, and Japan’s Self Defense Force. • AGRICULTURE - The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries says 24,000 hectares out of 900,900 hectares of agricultural land in Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, Ibaraki, Chiba and Aomori have been damaged by the tsunami. In the most affected prefectures of Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima, nearly 23,000 hectares flooded; 3,000 hectares more than the earlier estimate. Miyagi accounts for more than 15,000 hectares of the damages. 42 per cent of its agricultural land on the coastal areas was submerged. NOTE: People who are able to live in their homes still require assistance as they have no access to food, water and basic supplies; these are largely delivered to major evacuation centers and shelters. WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 21: 30 March 2011OCHA SitRep No. 15 - 30 March 2011

  8. JAPANESE RED CROSS SOCIETY • Japanese Red Cross Society (JRCS) staff and volunteers are providing emergency relief, medical support and psychosocial support to many vulnerable communities across Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures. • JRCS reported that many of the thousands of evacuees are now getting three meals a day but are still in need of non-food items. • JRCS is concerned about the psychological well-being of the affected populations, especially of children. They assigned trained psychosocial support providers (PSP) to almost all deployed medical teams. The national society has 2,369 nurses trained to provide PSP services. In addition, some PSP teams were deployed to conduct assessments in the affected areas and support medical teams in conducting health checks. There are shortages of medicine for the treatment of chronic medical conditions. • The JRCS has received over US$400 million in financial support. • JRCS in-country capacity: 47 branches, each equipped with special equipment to with nuclear, biological, or chemical disasters, 92 Red Cross hospitals, 66 Blood centers; 26 nursing colleges, 60,000 permanent staff (50,000 working for Red Cross hospitals), 495 deployable medical teams; 2 million registered volunteers. • As of 28 March, JRCS has deployed 397 medical missions involving more than 2,400 staff members. The JRCS teams staff mobile clinics serving more remote and hard-to-reach areas. The JRCS domestic emergency response unit (DERU) assisted in the evacuation of injured victims by helicopters to hospitals. • A Family Links web site has been opened in cooperation with ICRC (in Japanese, English, Chinese, Korean, Portuguese, and Spanish). As of 28 March, 5,619 people have been registered: http://www.familylinks.icrc.org/eng/familylinks-japan • A total of 125,530 blankets, 25,146 emergency kits (composed of portable radio, flashlight, wrapping cloth, booklet on emergency health care) and 11,000 sleeping kits (composed of a sleeping mat, pillow, eye-cover, earplug, slippers, socks) have been distributed. • In order to reinforce and mobilize the network of volunteers, volunteer centers have been established at the headquarters of JRCS, and 4 branches in the affected prefectures. Photo: Japanese Red Cross NOTE: Evacuees have been enduring bitterly cold weather with several sleet and snow storms. These conditions have also hampered emergency relief efforts. Priority needs are fuel, prefabricated houses, sanitation materials, clothing, medicines and household appliances. Fuel (for heating and transport) is critical. About half of the service stations are closed; many of the half that are open are only serving emergency and other priority vehicles. JRCS Emergency Relief 3: 23 March 2011 IFRC Info Bulletin 5: 28 March 2011

  9. The USAID team is working to manage the overall USG response effort in Japan in coordination with the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo. • The DART continues to engage at three levels to determine any possible humanitarian needs in Japan: nationally through Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, locally at the prefecture level and in coordination with U.S. Forces-Japan, and through Japanese civil society organizations. • U.S. experts from the NRC, Department of Energy, Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. military are in place in Japan, cooperating directly with Japanese authorities to help contain the damage at the Fukushima Daiichi reactors. They are monitoring technical aspects and engaging with Japanese officials on efforts to cool the reactors at Fukushima, as well as regarding the health impacts of radiation. • U.S. Government officials are consulting with health experts and radiation experts, in both the United States and Japan, and are continuously monitoring tap water samples for radioactive iodine. In accordance with guidelines that apply to water in the US, and based on analysis of tap water samples for radioactive iodine on 24 March, the water in Tokyo is safe for drinking. • USG Funding Announced and Committed as of 31 March 2011:: • USAID/OFDA Assistance =$6,825,286 • Department of Defense (DoD) Humanitarian Assistance = $63,051,000 • Total USAID and DoD Assistance for the Earthquake and Tsunami = $69,876,286. • MESSAGES FROM US EMBASSY - JAPAN • March 29 Update from Ambassador Roos (Video Update) • (Posted 29 March) The U.S. Embassy is continuing to make potassium iodide (KI) available to U.S. citizens who have not been able to obtain it from their physicians, employers, or other sources. It is not recommend that anyone take KI at this time, as there can be side effects from the drug. It should only be taken on the advice of emergency management or public health officials, or your doctor. For more information about KI, see this fact sheet from the Centers for Disease Control, or contact your doctor. • (Posted March 25, 9 a.m. JST) The United States Government advises American citizens that, in accordance with guidelines that apply to water in the United States and based on analysis of tap water samples for I-131 on March 24, 2011, the water in Tokyo is safe for drinking. UNITED STATES RESPONSE COE Japan Update 28 March 2011USAID Fact Sheet #13: 24 March 2011 U.S. Embassy Tokyo News Update: 29 March 2011U.S. Embassy Tokyo News Update: 28 March 2011 U.S. Embassy Tokyo News Update: 28 March 2011U.S. Embassy Tokyo News Update: 28 March 2011

  10. Dubbed Operation Tomodachi -- Japanese for "friendship" -- U.S. military assets mobilizing in the area include a wide range of equipment, air, sea, and ground capability and expertise. • U.S. Air Force • PACAF has generated 317 sorties moving 1,154 passengers and more than 2602.1 short tons (5,736,648 lbs) of cargo in support of Japan Relief Efforts. • Number of AF Personnel deployed in support of relief operations:  732 • Number of PACAF aircraft deployed in support of relief operations:  25 • PACAF generated 7 sorties and moved 9.4 short tons (20,723 lbs) of cargo. • 3 USAF HH-60s, 1 C-12, and 1UH-1N flew search and rescue missions • USAF C-17 delivered 9.4. short tons (water truck) Misawa to Kunsan to Yokota • U.S. Army • The U.S. Army Japan band flew to Sendai to begin rehearsals with the North East Army Band in preparation for their tour of relief shelters throughout the Sendai area. They hope to lift the spirits of the displaced Japanese citizens who have been thrust from their homes since the devastating earthquake and tsunami over two weeks ago. • Since 26 March, the Logistics Task Force 35, U.S. Army Japan, has assisted U.S. Marine units in clearing debris from the runway and taxiways at Sendai Airport. Over 1,000 destroyed vehicles had littered the area. • U.S. Marines • Marines are located at MCAS Iwakuni, Yokota Air Base, Naval Air Facility Atsugi, Tokyo, Matsushima Air Base, Camp Sendai and Oshima Island. UNITED STATES RESPONSE (DOD-OPERATION TOMODACHI) Marines position humanitarian assistance and disaster relief supplies on the flight deck of the forward-deployed amphibious assault ship USS Essex (LHD 2). U.S. Navy A Japanese local smiles while unloading supplies from a landing craft utility. U.S. Marine Corps NOTES: Through available logistical capabilities, DOD was able to reach the hardest hit areas in time to rescue victims and deliver critical supplies and services. PACOM Relief Updates - 28 March 2011

  11. Since Operation Tomodachi started, U.S. 7th Fleet forces have delivered more than 240 tons of HA/DR supplies to survivors of the tsunami and earthquake, in support of Japan Self Defense Force efforts. • USNS Safeguard worked successfully to clear debris from the Hachinohe port to allow a Liquid Natural Gas tanker to dock and deliver much needed fuel, which has been a critical need for the thousands of displaced personnel still living in shelters without electricity or heat.  Safeguard also leveraged its side scan sonar to survey two million square meters of waterway. • Navy teams are working with the Japan Self Defense Force and local authorities to coordinate similar debris removal efforts in the ports of Miyako, Kamaishi and Ofunato and USNS Safeguard is transiting to Miyako tomorrow. • Two barges containing 500,000 gallons of fresh water are en route to the port of Onahana to assist with the cooling of the Fukishima Daiichi nuclear power plant. The first barge arrived 27 March escorted by JS Hiuchi and the second barge arrived on 28 March escorted by the JS Amakusa. Onahana port is the final stop prior to a joint move to a staging area off the coast of the coast from the power plant. The water will be used in replacement of salt water in the cooling operations to lessen the corrosive impact of salt from the sea water which is currently being used for emergency cooling. • Seventh Fleet forces continued sustainment of life efforts in support of Operation Tomodachi.  Currently, 19 ships, 133 aircraft and 18,165 personnel are in the area of operation. • The USS Essex Amphibious Readiness Group conducted a resupply of Oshima Island on 27 March. The earthquake and tsunami on March 11 severed utilities and destroyed ferry service, leaving the island without utilities or resupply capability. Essex launched two Landing Craft Units carrying an electrical utility vehicle, a water supply vehicle, a fuel truck, three electrical generator vehicles, a 23-person work crew to conduct utility repairs and 15,000 lbs of relief supplies that included 900 gallons of water, 288 cases of Meals-Ready-to-Eat, tarps for shelter, packages with hygienic items, baby wipes, sunscreen, toilet paper, soap, toothpaste/toothbrush, shampoo, lotion, eye drops foot powder, razors, and tissue supplies.  • Rear Adm. Hiroyuki Kasui, commander of Japan’s Communications Control Center 1 arrived on USS Essex on 27 March to review humanitarian assistance disaster relief operations and to thank U.S Navy Sailors for their assistance. • A Navy P-3 aircraft in Oshima scanned for obstructions in the water and coordinated with the LCUs during the transit from Kesenumma to Oshima.   The aircraft also captured images of outlying islands and passed that information to the JSDF for review and support of those locations as needed.  • USNS Rappahannock picked up 312 pallets of water from the port of Gwangyang, South Korea. The water will be moved to Sasebo for release to Fleet Industrial Supply Center who will support ongoing HA/DR efforts. • USS Preble conducted replenishment at-sea yesterday with the USNS Pecos to onload additional fuel and ships stores.  • USS Blue Ridge, flagship for the Seventh Fleet, is on station in the Philippine Sea providing coordination for U.S. Navy efforts during the crisis.   • The HMM-262 helicopter squadron aboard the USS Essex moved one ton of relief supplies from Essex to JS Hyuga for further distribution by JMSDF personnel. UNITED STATES RESPONSE7th FLEET Landing Craft Utility (LCU) 1627 approaches USNS Safeguard (T-ARS-50). LCU 1627 is embarked aboard transport dock ship USS Tortuga (LSD 46) and is operating in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of responsibility supporting Operation Tomodachi as directed. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Anthony R. Hayes) NOTES: Aircrews have reported that all groups isolated by the tsunami are now being reached by the Japan Ground Self Defense Force because of improvements in road conditions. PACOM Relief Updates - 28 March 2011

  12. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION-REGIONAL OFFICE FOR THE WESTERN PACIFIC (WHO-WPRO) IN MANILA • WPRO Situation room is on 24/7 operation to collect information and to monitor the evolving events, in communication and coordination with MHLW (Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan), WHO Kobe Center, the WHO Headquarters and partners. • WPRO has been closely working with the National IHR Focal Point in Japan and the WHO Headquarter to facilitate sharing of information through the IHR Event Information Site (EIS) that is open to all the Member States. • WPRO has been providing regular situation reports, including situation updates that have been posted on the WHO websites. • "Forward" planning is ongoing to identify direct and indirect health and other impacts, expectations/concerns from the public/media, Member States, international communications and partners, and to prepare for possible WHO actions in responding to different scenarios. • UN CHILDREN’S FUND (UNICEF) • Working with local government, the Japan Committee for UNICEF has conducted a rapid needs assessment on the ground to better support children. • In addition to the delivery of supplies, UNICEF relief workers have been working to ensure the support needs of children are met. A needs assessment has been conducted in collaboration with local governments. UNICEF workers are beginning to increase efforts on education and psychological support for women and children affected by the disaster. • Eight Japanese experts have been deployed from their posts around the world to work with the Japan Committee. • WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME (WFP) • Working with local government, the Japan Committee for UNICEF has conducted a rapid needs assessment on the ground to better support children. UN OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS (OCHA) - reporting and providing coordination support functions to the GoJ and has a temporary presence at the JICA Tokyo International Center in Japan. (OCHA, Mar 30) UN HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR) - At the request of the GoJ, UNHCR is providing 1,794 solar lanterns for Miyagi Prefecture. The GoJ has received 131 offers of assistance from countries as well as 33 offers from international organizations. It has accepted relief items from 17 countries. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA) is coordinating assistance from Member States through the Response and Assistance Network (RANET), which consists of nations able to offer specialized assistance after a radiation incident or emergency. (IAEA Mar 15) Due to the confirmed presence of radioactive iodine contamination in food products measured in various prefectures by the MHLW, the IAEA has passed information to the UN’s FAO and WHO and will continue to report on this development . UNITED NATIONS RESPONSE UNICEF Press Rel: 23 March 2011 UNICEF Press Rel: 24 March 2011 WFP News Rel: 22 March 2011 WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 21: 30 March 2011OCHA SitRep No. 15 - 30 March 2011

  13. The GoJ has received 134 offers of assistance from countries as well as 39 offers from international organizations. It has accepted relief items from 28 countries and international organizations. • GoJ says the need for further international assistance is limited and any support should clearly be in accordance with the GoJ’s criteria: • The GoJ is identifying the needs and trying to match the offers with the identified needs for efficient and effective delivery. As the transportation and storage capacity is still limited, it is strongly recommended not to send any relief goods without coordination with the GoJ or the local authorities. • Due to the shortage of fuel and damage to infrastructure, international NGOs are recommended to wait until the situation improves before commencing services (that must be completely self-sustainable and coordinated with a local partner.) • SAVE THE CHILDREN estimates that about 74,000 children remain displaced. As part of the relief efforts, they have opened 12 Child Friendly Play Spaces. Save the Children is also procuring 5500 back-to-school kits for primary students who have lost everything. 500 hygiene kits are ready for distribution at the Sendai warehouse. • INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CORPS reports health care priorities are the vulnerable in evacuation centers, those living at home, and mental health services for disaster victims. • IMC’s emergency response team is assessing the post-disaster needs of isolated coastal villages in north Sendai that have yet to receive humanitarian assistance. Information from assessments of evacuation centers has been communicated to the Japan regional office of International Medical Corps to facilitate coordination efforts. • While shortages of food and water have improved, there is still a need for medications, packaged baby foods, and other supplies. • IIMC’s assessments include: Minami-Sanriku, Kesennuma, Riken-Takata, East Matsushima and areas north of Ishinomaki. • Visited East Matsushima on 27 March 2011 and found cell phone service operational and limited supplies available. OTHER ORGANIZATIONS OF INTEREST A child plays in a Child Friendly Space inside an evacuation center. Photo by Jensen Walker/Getty Images for Save the Children • AMERICARES delivered 10 tons of basic supplies to evacuation shelters in Miyagi prefecture lbtween 25-27 March. • Hundreds of cases of soap, shampoo, toothbrushes and paste, diapers, baby wipes, and bottled water are being distributed to shelters in Iwanauma, Watari, and Yamamoto. • The Americares team is also launching a “flash grants” program to help maintain or expand emergency activities by smaller Japanese community orgs. and NGOs. Americares: 29 March 2011 Save the Children: 30 March 2011 OCHA Sit Rep 15: 30 March 2011 IMC: 29 March 2011

  14. ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL DOCTORS OF JAPAN (AMDA) ) has 88 relief personnel working in the impacted area: 35 doctors, 14 nurses, 2 midwives, 1 assistant nurse, 3 pharmacists, 30 coordinators, 2 medical students • Iwate Prefecture (Kamaishi City and the town of Ohtsuchicho): • Relief supplies and medical services are reaching the larger evacuation centers in Kamaishi City. Logistics remain an issue. • Communication lines have not yet recovered in the town of Ohtsuchicho where some evacuation shelters in remote areas remain inaccessible. AMDA teams use electric vehicles to provide mobile clinic services there. • Most patients are elderly whose chronic health conditions have worsened while untreated. AMDA team is providing mobile clinic services to these sites. • Miyagi Prefecture (the town of Minamisanriku-cho): • AMDA personnel have been working in two teams at Shizugawa Elementary School and Shizugawa Junior High School. AMDA is mainly supporting a local doctor who had already been active in the area. In order to fulfill the needs at the smaller evacuation shelters where medical aid has been scarce, AMDA is also providing mobile clinic services. • .Depressive symptoms, panic disorders and suspected influenza cases were found among some of the patients, however, the most pressing issue is providing medications for chronic diseases. OTHER ORGANIZATIONS OF INTEREST (Map) Seeds Sit Rep 10 : 29 March 2011 NOTE: All offers of assistance should be directed to the GoJ. AMDA International Emergency Bulletin 10: 29 March 2011

  15. Relief Operations by Japanese Humanitarian Organizations in Major Affected Cities OTHER ORGANIZATIONS OF INTEREST Seeds Sit Rep 10 : 29 March 2011

  16. HEALTH – CONCERNS • Non-communicable Diseases • On 24 March that three workers at Unit 3 had exposure of higher levels of radiation and they are currently being treated at a hospital under the National Institute on Radiation Science and no serious health consequence reported. On 28 March, all 3 workers were discharged from the hospital. • Hypothermia • People continue to face cold temperatures with insufficient heating. Hypothermia has been reported particularly among the elderly population in the evacuation centers. • Communicable Diseases • There have been sporadic cases of influenza but no large outbreaks. An internet-based ad-hoc syndromic surveillance system has been developed by the Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (http://www.syndromic-surveillance.net/hinanjo/index.html ) • Influenza viruses were detected in Sendai and surrounding areas. Based on a report, 21 out of 59 specimens were tested positive for influenza A (21 were positive for H3N2 and 2 were positive for pandemic influenza A (H1N1). Influenza rapid test kits were used at an emergency center in Sendai for the period 12-21 March. Rapid test was conducted for 335 out of 1,180 patients（28.3%). Results are as follows: influenza A positive - 107(31.9%) and influenza B positive - 5(1.5%). • There have been 2 cases of tetanus (one each from Miyagi and Iwate prefectures) and 2 cases of legionella from Miyagi prefecture (25 March). The diagnosis occurred between 17 and 21 March. • Influenza-like-illness activity is being monitored in elderly populations due to their high risk status. OCHA Sit Rep 15: 23 March 2011 WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 21: 30 March 2011COE-DMHA: 28 March 2011NISA –News Release No.61: 29 March 2011CDC - Hypothermia

  17. INITIAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE Conducted by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID) WHO – WPRO SitRep No. 21: 30 March 2011

  18. HEALTH – HOSPITALS . • The local medical associations have reported limited capacity of health facilities (as of 25 March). Out of 231 hospitals and clinics in Iwate, Fukushima and Miyagi prefecture, 121 (52%) are unable to accept new patients, while 33 (14%) are unable to accept any patients due to lack of resources including staff. It is difficult to supply dialysis treatment in the affected area. MLWH, cooperating with the Japanese Association of Dialysis Physicians, requires prefectural and city governments to set up a system to accommodate patients. • The National center for Child Health and Development and Japanese Society of Emergency Pediatrics deployed a team to Miyagi Prefectural Pediatric Hospital for assessing the pediatric medical needs. • In the town of Tagajo on the coast of Miyagi Prefecture, the Sen-en Hospital has been without electricity, gas or running water for nearly two weeks. There are shortages of basic medicines. Several elderly patients have died because of the freezing temperatures in the wards. About 200 patients were transferred to nearby hospitals. Those who remain are the most serious cases. (NOTE: It was reported that 15 out of 170 elderly died within one week after evacuation) • Most of the patients are elderly, unable to ambulate or feed themselves • Tube feeding supplies are exhausted, resulting in malnutrition • The army has installed a generator, which operates for two hours in the evening, allowing doctors to perform the most important tasks. • The Israeli Army has opened a field hospital in a village in Japan's north-eastern Miyagi prefecture on 29 March 2011, one of the areas worst hit by the March 11 earthquake and tsunami. The hospital will operate in Kurihara for a month. Coordination meeting at Ishinomaki Hospital. 16 Red Cross medical teams, (average 6 people on one team) 40 staff members from HQs for administrative support, and additional helpers from local or neighboring governments all gather and exchange information. Photo: IFRC COE-DMHA Update - 28 March 2011 OCHA Sit Rep 15 - 30 March 2011 Israel Today Magazine WHO/WPRO SitRep No. 21 - 30 March 2011 Dozens of medical teams from the Japanese Red Cross visit evacuation centres daily to provide basic health care services to thousands of tsunami survivors. Photo: IFRC

  19. HEALTH – MEDICAL TEAMS • The MHLW has coordinated the deployment of doctors, pharmacists, social workers, dentists, care managers, child welfare and psychological care specialists to Iwate (more than 49 teams), Miyagi (more than 92 teams) and Fukushima (more than 3 teams). 31 Japan Red Cross Society teams, 63 Japan Medical Association teams, and seven teams from All Japan Hospital Association are also operational in the affected areas. • 132 teams, consisting of 651 members are deployed in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima from the National Hospital Institution, Japan Red Cross Society, Japan Medical Association, etc. • 236 pharmacists are deployed to Miyagi (166), Fukushima (54), Iwate (14), Ibaragi (2) by the Japan Pharmaceutical Association and Japanese Society of Hospital Pharmacists. • On 25 March, the Japanese Nursing Association dispatched 76 nurses to Iwate and Miyagi. • More than 50 medical teams from the Japanese Red Cross Society are providing basic health care to survivors • 29 March: Some 172 caregivers (home helpers) for elderly people are in Iwate (72), Miyagi (88) and Fukushima (12). 8 137 caregivers are on standby. • The National center for Child Health and Development and the Japanese Society of Emergency Pediatrics deployed a team to Miyagi prefectural Pediatric Hospital to assess pediatric medical needs. • 109 public health teams have been deployed to evacuation centers and public health centers in Fukushima, Iwate, Sendai and Miyagi. An additional 4 teams have been mobilized or on standby for health-related services. • As of 27 March, a total of 24 mental health care teams have been deployed to provide psychosocial support to the affected areas, including Iwate, Miyagi, Sendai City and Fukushima. An additional team is on standby for mental health support. • MSF medical teams continue to work in evacuation centers in Minami Sanriku in Miyagi, and have started to support a Japanese doctor in the town of Taro in Iwate prefecture. MSF reports the main activity continues to be consultations with elderly patients suffering from chronic diseases. Table 2: Public Health care teams deployed to evacuation centers and public health centers as of 29 March. NOTES: On Sunday, 26 March, the GoJallowed a foreign medical team to enter the country to treat survivors. A team of 53 medical workers from Israel deployed to Minamisanriku in Miyagi prefecture where they set up a field clinic to assist local doctors. According to the Japan Times, the GoJ is consideringaccepting more foreign medical providers. OCHA Sit Rep 15: 30 March 2011COE-DMHA: 28 March 2011 SEEDS SitRep #10: 29 March 2011WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 21: 30 March 2011

  20. HEALTH – PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTS Psychosocial support to disaster victims is important to reduce morbidity, disability, and social problems. Those delivering psychosocial support services need to be familiar with victims’ culture and way of life. • The Japanese Red Cross Society (JRCS) says the disaster has psychologically affected children. The National Society has 2,369 nurses who are trained and ready to provided PSP services. In addition, some PSP teams were deployed to conduct assessments in the affected areas, as well as to provide support. • MSF plans to support a team of 6 psychologists, from the Japanese Society of Certified Clinical Psychologists, who will treat victims of the disaster. • in Iwate, 60% of 73 surveyed centers have patients who need immediate psychosocial support (WHO). • The MHLW has prepared a mental care guidebook that is being distributed to affected municipalities; a websitehas been set up to provide information for counselors and teachers. • As of 30 March, 22 mental health care teams with 166 members have been deployed to provide psychosocial support to Iwate, Miyagi, Sendai City and Fukushima. • 17 pediatric mental health care providers have been dispatched by MHWL to Iwate, and 396 pediatric psychological care providers are on standby. • The GoJ has also deployed 23 psychosocial support teams, as the specific area becomes an increasing need. • NOTE: • As response and recovery operations continue, the need for long term medical and psychological support will increase for pre-existing conditions as well as those caused by the disaster • A long-term strategy will be required to support these conditions as well as to transition response assets into the recovering infrastructure as appropriate IFRC Information bulletin No.5: 28 March 2011 WHO-WPRO SitRep No 21: 30 March 2011 COE-DMHA update: 28 March 2001

  21. SHELTER AND EVACUATION • 245,508 people are displaced and/or evacuated and 173,200 people are living in more than 2,000 evacuation centers in 17 prefectures mostly in the north of Japan. In Miyagi, Iwate and Fukushima, 146,628 evacuees are living in some 1,245 evacuation centers. There are now 30,093 Fukushima evacuees, corrected from 85,085 as previously reported. • OCHA reports that there are still significant humanitarian needs that are not being met because of coordination and logistical issues. The biggest concern is the extremely poor sanitation conditions at the evacuation centers. Local media has also reported that hospitals in the areas are reporting a steady increase in cases of nausea, gastroenteritis, and diarrhea which is evidence that sanitary conditions are deteriorating in the centers. The shortage of fuel is still an issue and as soon as it is readily available it is expected that people in shelters will move out of the centers and into non-affected areas. • While basic needs for food, water, toiletries and medicines are being met the situation is serious and more sustainable solutions are being sought. In addition, there are still thousands more that are living in their cars and who have returned to their homes even though there is no electricity or water. • Authorities are trying to consolidate the number of evacuation centers and move people into bigger shelters in order to provide a more efficient and sustainable way of providing assistance. They also need to empty the 345 schools currently serving as evacuation centers in time for the academic year, which begins in April. • The Tokyo Metropolitan Government announced it will deploy 1,000 officials to Miyagi and Iwate from 2 April until at least mid May to help manage evacuation centers. • The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport reports that more than 90 per cent of the Tohoku region’s main land, sea and air routes are open. However, roads in the affected cities and towns are still damaged or blocked with debris and this is hampering the delivery of aid to the many smaller evacuation centers. Relief items are being delivered on foot in some places. • Fuel is being provided to evacuation centers by freight train and tankers from areas both north and south of the affected Tohoku region. OCHA SitRep No 15 : 30 March 2011 WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 21: 30 March 2011 COE-DMHA: 26 March 2011 IFRC Info Bulletin: 28 March 2011

  22. SHELTER AND EVACUATION • The number of people staying outside their prefectures following the nuclear power plant accident in Fukushima Prefecture fell to 33,748 by March 27. • For the thousands of people who are living in their homes without electricity and water, there is no access to basic supplies unless they are able to receive it from one of the bigger evacuation centers. • The local municipality for Minamisanriku-town in Miyagi Prefecture has plans to relocate some of its evacuees to other prefectures due to poor sanitation conditions in the evacuation centers and to allow children and the elderly to have better access to basic services. But a recent survey indicated that around 2/3 are not willing to move. The municipality planned to relocate evacuees to seven towns but a large number of evacuees prefer to remain where they are as many of them are still looking for family members. Many evacuees have been moved several times. This is taking a toll on the evacuees, especially the elderly. • The evacuees have established managing committees in the evacuation centers to assist with distribution of food and relief items, cleaning, water supply, and allocation of individual living spaces. A municipal official acts as the liaison between the committees and the municipality. This practice of self-management will continue when the evacuees are relocated to planned housing. The GoJ wants to keep people from the same evacuation centers together so bonds formed since the earthquake can be maintained. • Hypothermia has been reported particularly among the elderly population in the evacuation centers. • As of 26 March, 52 deaths in shelters were reported, particularly among the elderly. • Majority of evacuation centers reported availability of three meals a day. NOTE: The transition of evacuees from shelters into planned housing will support the improvement of the health concerns associated with mass sheltering, including some psychological concerns. The humanitarian needs of the population returning to their homes must be addressed, as once they leave the shelters obtaining basic needs is more difficult. OCHA SitRep No 15 : 30 March 2011 WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 21: 30 March 2011 COE-DMHA: 26 March 2011 IFRC Info Bulletin: 28 March 2011

  23. SHELTER AND EVACUATION • Rikuzentakatais the first municipality in the earthquake/tsunami area to start the registration process. The media is reporting mixed feelings towards the registration as while evacuees are keen to leave the evacuation centers where access to basic services is extremely limited, they are also concerned about remaining in the areas destroyed by the tsunami. At least 8,800 temporary housing units will be built in the prefecture. • An association of landlords, the Zenjyu Association, has established a system to help landlords across the country offer vacant apartments at a discounted rent to the people affected by the disaster. 418,000 vacant apartments have been offered so far. Also, The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is looking at available accommodation in Japan’s fishing and farming villages as the population in these villages has been steadily decreasing over the years. The Ministry is collecting detailed information from local municipalities in order to make an allocation plan. • The Special Task Force for Livelihood Support of the Affected Population says 40,500 government apartments and 19,500 public housing units are available for displaced families, making a total of approximately 60,000 apartments. Among them, 42,145 are immediately available. 70,409 evacuee families are currently living in evacuation centers. • The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation says that only 8% of the land needed for the construction of temporary shelters has been secured. The construction of temporary shelter is underway but far below the number requested by prefectures. The GoJ plans to have 30,000 houses built in the next two months. So far, land has been allocated for only 2,645 shelters. • In Iwate Prefecture, authorities are taking applications for the first 200 temporary shelters it is constructing. • Local authorities are facing difficulties in finding suitable land, as the coastal area in Tohoku is not flat, and a large part has been damaged by the tsunami. The Ministry is also considering purchasing material for the construction of temporary shelters from abroad, if they have the same cost, size and design specifications as Japan. After the 1995 Kobe earthquake, 3,300 temporary shelters were imported, as they could not all be procured in-country. OCHA SitRep No 15 : 30 March 2011 WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 21: 30 March 2011 COE-DMHA: 26 March 2011 IFRC Info Bulletin: 28 March 2011

  24. LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORTATION • LOGISTICS • The shortage of fuel is the biggest obstacle to delivering relief supplies and keeping people warm. Up to 700 tanker trucks have been mobilized from other parts of the country to ease the situation. • Harsh winter weather continues in disaster areas. The temperature dropped below 0 (C) in many coastal towns on 30 March and there was snowfall in the afternoon. • Although 88% of gasoline, diesel and kerosene shipments have resumed to Tohoku region, there is still a serious fuel shortage. The areas surrounding the Fukushima Power Plants are also receiving emergency fuel. • The number of fuel stations operating is still limited and needs have increased due to the disruption in public transport and increased number of emergency vehicles. There are long lines and the public is restricted to 20 liters of fuel a day. The GoJ says it will spend US$209.9 million (JPY1.7 billion) to solve the emergency fuel shortage. • Disruption in supply chain sources many of which were concentrated in the east as well as significant shifts in demand patterns had an impact on the supply of certain essential items such as bottled water and fuel. • The GoJ says 11,257,000 liters of fuel have been delivered to the affected areas to date. Another 29,000 litres is in transit. Approximately 1 million liters arrived on 28 March. • The Japan Medical Association started to ship insulin to affected sites but there has been difficulty in reaching the affected areas because of bad road conditions and lack of fuel. Relief items are being delivered on foot in some places. • A logistics concept of operations to strengthen and enhance JRCS logistics capacity has been shared with the National Society but has yet to be discussed in detail. A more detailed plan of action is currently being developed, including enhancing logistics infrastructure, information flows, creating a logistics hub, shipping by sea/air options and increasing warehouses in the field. • TRANSPORTATION • The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport reports that more than 90 percent of Tohoku region’s main land, sea and air routes are open. • Roads: As of 30 March, 2,126 damaged roads have been reported from 11 prefectures (Aomori, Miyagi, Yamagata, Akita, Tokyo, Ibaragi, Tochigi, Saitama, Gunma, Chiba and Iwate). There were reports of 56 damaged bridges in four prefectures. Many roads and highways remain closed. • More than 37,200 vehicles are now passing through the Tohoku Expressway per day, which is 1.3 times more traffic than before the disaster struck. • Airports:13 airports in the affected areas are open for scheduled and chartered flights. Sendai Airport is open 24-hours for humanitarian flights, but has inadequate warehousing for relief needs. The World Food Programme (WFP) has been asked to assist in improving warehousing. • Sea Ports:15 of 15 ports in the affected area are usable. (multipurpose piers are partly available (Excluding Aomori Port). • Railway Lines: Railway lines are still under repair. As of 30 March, 29 damaged rail lines in three prefectures were reported. About 30 local trains in the affected area remain out of service. • According to NHK, the Tohoku bullet train is expected to resume full service in late April. The route runs through affected regions, and repair work will take more than a month, but the line sustained minor damage. Many roads and bridges remain damaged, making access to affected areas difficult Photo: IFRC OCHA SitRep No. 15: 30 March 2011 WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 21: 30 March 2011 IFRC Info Bulletin No.5: 28 March 2011 MLIT 2011 Earthquake Outline 36th Report: 28 March 2011

  25. YALE/TULANE ESF-8 PLANNING AND RESPONSE PROGRAM SPECIAL REPORT (FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR ACCIDENT ) MAP BACKGROUND • Radioactive water found in and outside reactor buildings is delaying work to restore cooling functions of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. • Seawater near the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant has reached a much higher level of radiation than previously reported. Radioactive iodine in the sea water is 3,355 times the legal limit. Japan’s Nuclear Safety Agency says this does not pose a health risk. • The GoJ says it is expected to take a considerable amount of time before the temperatures of fuel rods in the reactor cores at the power station are lowered to a stable state. • The International Atomic Energy Agency says the situation at the Fukushima Daiichi plant remains very serious. • A Joint FAO/IAEA Food Safety Assessment Team was briefed by local government authorities in Ibaraki Prefecture on 28 March regarding extent of contamination in Ibaraki, the main agricultural products and production areas involved, and levels of contamination found. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT GAMMA READINGS RADITION IN FOOD RADITION IN WATER RADITION IN SEA WATER RADITION IN SOIL HEALTH EFFECTS Radioactive water found in and outside reactor buildings is delaying work to restore cooling functions of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant.

  26. Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant - Located on the Eastern coast of Japan, the six nuclear power reactors at Daiichi are boiling water reactors (BWRs). • The earthquake on 11 March severed off-site power to the plant and triggered the automatic shutdown of the three operating reactors - Units 1, 2, and 3. The control rods were successfully inserted into the reactor cores, ending the fission chain reaction. The remaining reactors - Units 4, 5, and 6 -- had previously been shut down for routine maintenance purposes. Backup diesel generators, designed to start up after losing off-site power, began providing electricity to pumps circulating coolant to the six reactors. • Soon after the earthquake, a large tsunami washed over the reactor site, knocking out the backup generators. While some batteries remained operable, the entire site lost the ability to maintain proper reactor cooling and water circulation functions. • Over the following days there was evidence of partial nuclear meltdowns in reactors 1, 2, and 3; hydrogen explosions destroyed the upper cladding of the buildings housing reactors 1, 3, and 4; an explosion damaged reactor 2's containment; and multiple fires broke out at reactor 4. Fears of radiation leaks led to a 30 km (18-mile) radius evacuation around the plant. • Radioactive material was released on several occasions after the tsunami struck. This occurred due to both deliberate pressure-reducing venting, and through accidental and uncontrolled releases. • These conditions resulted in unsafe levels of radioactive contamination in the air, soil, drinking water, and seawater. JAPAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMIBACKGROUND • Of the 593 food samples which have been tested as of 30 March, 99 samples were above the provisional regulation value. Iodine levels in tap water have declined since testing began on a daily basis on 16 March. • Based on the latest discussions with government officials in Tochigi prefecture, the focus of the Joint FAO/IAEA mission has changed to some extent from the mechanisms of contamination to remediation strategies and techniques related to plant and animal production, food traceability and water/soil characterization. IAEA Update: 30 March 2011 WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 21: 30 March 2011 USAID Fact Sheet #13: 24 March 2011 US Geological Survey NOAA Center for Tsunami Research

  27. FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT NOTE: Radiation levels are at levels high enough to impact human health at the Fukushima power plant. According to the International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA), the situation at the Fukushima Daiichi plant remains very serious. Electrical power has been restored at Units 1-4 and fresh water is now available on the site. Water Contamination: Contaminated water was found in trenches located close to the turbine buildings of Units 1-3. The Nuclear Safety Commission of Japan suggests thathigher activity in the water discovered in the Unit 2 turbine building is related to contact with molten fuel rods for a time followed by release into the turbine building via some, as yet unidentified path. An investigation is underway as to how the water accumulated in the trenches. Measurements could not be carried out at Unit 3 because of the presence of debris. On 29 March, workers were able to begin pumping fresh water into the reactor pressure vessel of Unit 1 using temporary electrical pumps running on offsite power. A similar set-up was established at Unit 2 on 27 March. Fresh water is also being injected continuously into the reactor pressure vessel of Unit 3 using fire trucks. Lighting has been restored to the control room of Unit 4. Three workers who were exposed to radioactive water on 24 March were discharged on 28 March without any complications. The number of plant workers exposed to levels of radiation over 100mSv is now 19. It is now believed leaks seeping into the soil, fresh water and the sea are continuous. Radiation has found its way into local produce, milk and tap water (BBC) Soil contamination: Five soil samples, collected near the exhaust stacks of Unit 1 and 2 on 21 and 22 March, were analyzed for plutonium-238 and for the sum of plutonium-239/240. Plutonium-238 was detected in 2 of the 5 samples, while plutonium-239/240 was detected in all samples, as expected. Concentrations reported for both, plutonium-238 and plutonium-239/240 are similar to those deposited in Japan by nuclear weapons. The ratio of the concentrations of plutonium-238 and plutonium-239/240 in two of the samples indicate that very small amounts of plutonium might have been released during the Fukushima accident, but clarification is needed. IAEA Update 30 March 2011 16:30UTC WHO Situation Report #21: 30 March 2011 NISA Seismic Damage Update (61st Release: 16:00 29 March) IAEA Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Photos 29 March

  28. FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT 31 March IAEA Summary of Reactor Unit Update

  29. FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT Illustration of Contaminated Water Flow at Fukushima Reactor Building Turbine Vertical Duct Sea Dose rate at the surface of the contaminated water (mSv/h) Depth of Vertical Duct Tunnel Depth of Contaminated Water Unit 1 Distance of the Duct to the Sea More than 1,000 mSv/h Not Measured Meter 30 March IAEA Summary of Reactor Unit Update 3/29/2011 05:00 UTC

  30. FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT NISA Conditions of Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station Units 1-6 (12:00 29 March) WHO Situation Report #21: 30 March 2011IAEA Update 30 March 2011 16:30UTCNISA Seismic Damage Updata (61st Release: 16:00 29 March)

  31. POWER PLANT EVACUATION AREAS WFP: Evacuation Areas, Fukushima Plant Crisis

  32. GAMMA DOSE RATES IN µSv/HOUR15-27 MARCH Natural Background: 0.1 µSv/hour Two IAEA teams are currently monitoring radiation levels and radioactivity in the environment in Japan. One team made gamma dose-rate measurements in the Tokyo region at 8 locations. Gamma-dose rates measured ranged from 0.02 to 0.19 micro Sievert per hour, which is within or slightly above the background. The second team made additional measurements at distances of 32 to 62 km from the Fukushima nuclear power plant. At these locations, the dose rates ranged from 0.5 to 6.8 micro Sievert per hour. At the same locations, results of beta-gamma contamination measurements ranged from 0.05 to 0.45 MBq/M2 30 March IAEA Briefing on Fukushima Nuclear Accident

  33. RADIONUCLIDES IN FOOD Farmers in Fukushima Prefecture have been asked to postpone planting crops until the radiation level of the soil is determined to be safe. The Chief Cabinet Minister referred to the possibility of reducing restrictions on food groups and changing from prefecture level to specific affected prefecture locations for the restrictions. • Many countries have enacted food control measures and testing to regulate food, milk, feed and other products. To see the international risk management actions currently being taken, see: WHO-WPRO SitRep 21 • In response to the request for data, Singapore Authorities have sent reports of radioactivity in cabbages imported from Japan to the IEC. Some samples were over the Codex Alimentarius values recommended for international trade. In Singapore, there’s no increase in radioactivity in air samples. • Samples reported from 26 to 27 March in six prefectures (Fukushima, Gunma, Ibaraki, Niigata, Tochigi and Yamagata) reported I-131 in asparagus, cabbage, celery, chive, cucumber, eggplant, leek, mushrooms, parsley, tomato, spinach and other leafy vegetables, strawberries and watermelon. One sample of hana wasabi taken on 24 March in Fukushima prefecture was above regulation values. Cs-137 was also measured above the regulation value in the same sample of hana wasabi, but in the remaining five prefectures, Cs-137 was not detected or the results were below regulation values. • On 30 March, the Food Safety Commission announced following their review, the current provisional regulation values are acceptable. Tables: Results were received from 35 food samples on 30 March, none of which exceeded the provisional regulation values. Of the total 593 food samples which have been tested, 99 food samples were above the provisional regulation value from six prefectures (Chiba, Fukushima, Gunma, Ibaraki, Tochigi and Tokyo). • Radioactive iodine has a short half-life of about 8 days and decays naturally within a matter of weeks, there is a risk to human health if I-131 is ingested in food. • The presence of elevated radiation levels in food and water may impede nutrition and hydration in the impacted areas, potentially exacerbating the health issues already emerging in some locations FDA Radiation Safety: 23 March 2011WHO SITREP 21: 30 March 2011IAEA Update: 30 March 2011

  34. RADIONUCLIDES IN DRINKING WATER The Nuclear Safety Commission of Japan guideline value for the restriction of drinking water intake include: I-131 at or above 300 Bq/kg* for adults and 100 Bq/L of I-131 for infants, and Cs-134 or Cs 137 at or above 200 Bq/kg for both; an order of magnitude lower than the internationally agreed Operational Intervention Levels Fukushima Prefecture Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring Center has monitored radioactivity in tap water at 9 points within the prefecture daily since 16 March. I-131 measurements peaked at 348 Bq/L in Tamura City on 17 March and have generally declined since then. I-131 peaked at 293 Bq/L in Kawamata town on 18 March; and peaked at 185 Bq/L in Minamisouma City on 19 March. I-131 peaked at 965 Bq/L in Iitate village (iitoitakishita area) on 20 March. Iodine levels have been on a generally downward trend following the peaks and are now below 100 Bq/L in those locations. In Iwaki City, I-131 levels have generally been around or below 100 Bq/L since 16 March but a spike at 215 Bq/L was seen on 24 March. I-131 in Iwaki City dropped to 100 Bq/L on 25 March and 85.7 Bq/L on 26 March. MHLW restricted residents using Iitate Small-Scale Water Supply Utility, in Iitate-mura (Fukushima Prefecture) from drinking tap water. The restriction became effective at 07:00 on 21 March, and is not yet lifted although the I-131 level has been below 300 Bq/kg since 23 March (cesium not detected; the I-131 reading was 129 Bq/kg on 28 March). Bottled water is being provided to the residents. • Ibaragi Prefecture - Data are available from Hitachiota City (Mizuhu area) from 22 March onward and from seven other locations from 23 March onward. • I-131 peaked in Hitachiota City (Mizuhu area) at 245 Bq/L on 22 March and declined to 29 Bq/L the following day. No new data is available for Hitachiota City (Mizuhu area) since then. • On 23 March, I-131 levels peaked in Hitachi city (Moriyama) at 150 Bq/L, Hitachi city (juo) at 298 Bq/L, in Hurukawa city at 142 Bq/L, in Tokai village at 188.7 Bq/L, and in Kasama City at 170 Bq/L. • I-131 levels peaked in Toride city at 106.5 Bq/L on 24 March. I-131 levels have been on a generally downward trend following the peaks and are now below 100 Bq/L in those locations. • Chiba Prefecture - data are available from the Kashiwai and Kuriyama water purification plants on one date, 25 March. I-131 was measured at 130 Bq/L at Kashiwai and 45 Bq/L at Kuriyama on that date. • Cesium levels have generally been below detectable levels in these locations with sporadic findings well below levels of concern. • MHLW has also suggested pregnant and breast-feeding women should adhere to a guidance value of 100 Bq/kg or less. WHO FAQs: 25 March 2011IAEA Updates: 30 March 2011 WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 21: 30 March 2011

  35. RADIONUCLIDES IN SEA WATER • Seawater near the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant has reached a much higher level of radiation than previously reported. New readings from a sample of sea water found radioactive iodine at 3,355 times the legal limit. Japan’s Nuclear Safety Agency says this does not pose a health risk. • Contamination of the marine environment has occurred both by fallout or washout and discharges of contaminated water into the sea • On 23 March, MEXT began surveillance of coastal waters near the Fukushima Daiichi NPP site. Seawater samples have been collected in coastal waters along transects that are separated by 10 km intervals. Sampling has been performed along each transect to a distance of about 30 km offshore. Since 28 March, two more sampling points have been added. • The maximum permissible concentrations in seawater are 40 Bq/L for I-131 and 90 Bq/L for Cs-137. Values in excess of the Iodine-131 limit were detected at sampling points 3, 4 and 5 on 23 and 24 March but dropped below the limit on 25 March. On 28 March, data were collected only at sampling points 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 and all readings were below index values on that date. MEXT is continuing to monitor the situation. • Measurements of the marine environment were carried out by Japanese authorities since 23 March and data reported to the IAEA. Measurement were done at 30 km off-shore, at 8 locations, and on 26 March at 4 Stations. • I-131 and Cs-137 were detected with highest activity concentration of about 80 Bq/L and 26 Bq/L in surface layer, respectively, on 23 and 24 March. • Data since 26 March show decreasing levels between 6 and 18 Bq/L for I-131; not detectable“ and 16.4 Bq/L for Cs-137. • Dose rates were also given above seawater level on 26 March. They are between 0.041 and 0.100 micro-Sv/h • Levels at about 330 m east of the discharge area showed increasing concentrations with 74,000 Bq/L for I-131, 12,000 Bq/L for both radionuclides Cs-134 and Cs-137 • Modelling of the dispersion of radionuclides was initiated and first results were available. The results show an initial transport into north-east direction and the contaminated seawater could reach the 30 km off-shore sampling section between 7 and 14 days after release • It can be expected that the marine dispersion will take months or years to reach other Pacific countries. At resent, the main transport of contamination takes place by atmospheric transport over long distances with high dilution capacity. IAEA Updates: 28 March 2011WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 19: 28 March 2011WHO-WPRO SitRep 21: 30 March 2011OCHA SitRep 15: 30 March 2011

  36. TEPCO sampled soil at 5 locations on the premises of the Fukushima Daiichi NPP. 13 samples on 21 and 22 March were analyzed and plutonium 238, 239 and 240 were detected at the density equivalent to the fallout observed in Japan during previous atmospheric nuclear test; it would not pose a threat to human health. TEPCO will continue the radionuclide analysis of soil. • The radioactivity levels in all but the sampling points in Iwaki-shi (45 km south of the Fukushima Daiichi NPP) and Nihonmatsu-shi (45 km West Northwest of the Fukushima Daiichi NPP) have been decreasing • Two IAEA teams are currently monitoring radiation levels and radioactivity in the environment in Japan. On 29 March, gamma-dose rates ranged from 0.02 to 0.19 mSv per hour, which is roughly background. Additional measurements at distances of 32 to 62 km N-NW from the power plant ranged from 0.5 to 6.8 uSv per hour. At the same locations, results of beta-gamma contamination measurements ranged from 0.05 to 0.45 Megabecquerel per square meter. • TEPCO conducted an analysis of soil at five sampling points on the premises of the Fukushima Daiichi NPP. 13 samples on 21 and 22 March were analyzed and plutonium 238, 239 and 240 were detected. According to TEPCO, the density of detected plutonium is equivalent to the fallout observed in Japan when atmospheric nuclear test ing was conducted. The detected plutonium from two samples out of five may be the direct result of the recent incident, considering the activity ratio of the plutonium isotopes. The detected plutonium levels would not threaten human health. TEPCO will continue to monitor soil there. • NHK reported on 25 March that Japanese authorities had detected a concentration of a radioactive substance that was 1,600 times higher than normal at a village 40 kilometers away from the Daiichi nuclear power plant in Fukushima Prefecture. • Based on measurements of I-131 and Cs-137 in soil, sampled from 18 to 26 March in 9 municipalities at distances of 25 to 58 km from the Fukushima NPP, the total deposition of I-131 and Cs-137 has been calculated. There is pronounced spatial variability of the total deposition of these isotopes. The average total deposition at these locations for I-131 range from 0.2 to 25 Megabecquerel per square meter and for Cs-137 from 0.02-3.7 Megabecquerel per square meter. The highest values were found in a relatively small area northwest of the Fukushima NPP. One of the IAEA operational criteria for evacuation was exceeded in Iitate village. RADIOACTIVITY IN SOIL AND AIR Radiation levels in area ~30km NW of plant remain higher than normal, but there is continued decline in radiation levels WHO-WPRO SitRep No. 21: 30 March 2011IAEA Update: 30 March 2011

  37. HEALTH CONCERNS • CURRENT RISK • The GoJ’s recent actions in response to events at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant are in line with the existing recommendations for radiation exposure. The GoJ has evacuated individuals who were living within a 20-km radius around the Fukushima Daiichi plant. Those living between 20 km and 30 km from the plant are being asked to shelter indoors. • RISK OF RADIOACTIVE EXPOSURE FROM FOOD CONTAMINATION • There is a risk of exposure as a result of contamination in food. • However, contaminated food would have to be consumed over prolonged periods to represent a risk to human health. • Monitoring of vegetables and milk has demonstrated I-131 in concentrations above Japanese regulatory limits.Cs-137 has also been detected. (See “Radionuclides in Food and Water” Slides for add’l details) • Currently, there is no evidence that radioactivity from the Fukushima Daiichi NPP has contaminated food produced in any other country. • BASELINE HUMAN EXPOSURE TO RADIATION • Human beings are exposed to natural radiation (also known as background radiation) on a daily basis • On average, a person is exposed to approximately 3.0 millisieverts (mSv)/year, of which 80% (2.4 mSv) is due to naturally-occurring sources (i.e., background radiation), 19.6% (almost 0.6 mSv) is due to the medical use of radiation and the remaining 0.4% (around 0.01 mSv) is due to other sources of human-made radiation. • ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS • If the dose of radiation exceeds a certain threshold level, it can produce acute effects, including skin redness, hair loss, radiation burns, and acute radiation syndrome (ARS). • In a nuclear power accident, rescuers, first responders, and nuclear power plant workers may be exposed to doses of radiation high enough to cause acute effects, but usually not the general public. • LONG-TERM HEALTH EFFECTS • Exposure to high doses of radiation can increase the risk of cancer. • I-131 can be released during nuclear emergencies. If radioactive iodine is breathed in or swallowed, it will concentrate in the thyroid gland and increase the risk of thyroid cancer. Among persons exposed to I-131, the risk of thyroid cancer can be lowered by taking potassium iodide pills, which helps prevent the uptake of the radioactive iodine. • The risk of thyroid cancer following radiation exposure is higher in children and young adults. • PERSONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES (UPON EXPOSURE) • Upon coming indoors after radiation exposure, undress in the doorway to avoid further contamination of home or shelter. Remove clothing and shoes and place them in a plastic bag. Seal the bag and place it in a safe location away from living areas, children, and pets. • Shower or bathe with warm water and soap. • Notify authorities of possibly contaminated clothing and personal belongings so that they can be handled appropriately and disposed of according to accepted national procedures. • Potassium iodide pills are not “radiation antidotes”. They do not protect against external radiation, or against any other radioactive substances besides radioiodine. They may cause medical complications for some individuals with poorly functioning kidneys. Potassium iodide should be taken only when there is a clear public health recommendation WHO Japan Nuclear Concerns FAQ 29 March WHO Japan Nuclear Concerns FAQ – Health Effects 29 March WHO Japan Nuclear Concerns FAQ – Human Exposure 29 MarchWHO Japan Nuclear Concerns FAQ – Personal Protective Measures 29 March

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