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Early Soil Scientists?!

Early Soil Scientists?!. Topics Covered Today:. Soil Ecosystem/Food Web Dynamics Portraits of the Soil Organisms Impact of Soil Management. Key Ideas: Ecosystem is microscale Name the types of organisms Organisms break down larger molecules into plant avail. nutrients.

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Early Soil Scientists?!

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  1. Early Soil Scientists?!

  2. Topics Covered Today: • Soil Ecosystem/Food Web Dynamics • Portraits of the Soil Organisms • Impact of Soil Management • Key Ideas: • Ecosystem is microscale • Name the types of organisms • Organisms break down larger molecules into plant avail. nutrients

  3. THE SOIL FOOD WEB A GOOD SOIL Is A LIVE SOIL USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service

  4. MicroscaleEcosystem

  5. When are soil organisms active? • Daily • Seasonally

  6. Where are the soil organisms? • Rhizosphere • Litter • Humus • On & around soil aggregates

  7. Microbial Biomass with Depth • And other soil organisms!

  8. Components of Soil Organic Matter Living organisms <5% Fresh residue <10% Stabilized organic matter (humus) 33% - 50% Decomposing organic matter (active fraction) 33% - 50% (Mites on leaf)

  9. The Soil Food Web

  10. Methods for Measuring the Food Web

  11. FOOD WEB & SOIL HEALTH Mite feeding on springtail INTERACTIONS!!!

  12. Two Bugs are Better Than One • Effects of bacteria and bacterial-feeding nematodes on blue grama grass growth

  13. Complexity of the Soil Food Web in Several Ecosystems

  14. Typical Numbers of Soil Organisms in Healthy Ecosystems

  15. BACTERIA

  16. Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria • Nodules formed where Rhizobium bacteria infected soybean roots.

  17. Actinomycetes • Bacterial cells • Grow like fungal hyphae

  18. FUNGI

  19. Fungi and Soil Quality • Decompose carbon compounds • Retain nutrients in the soil • Bind soil particles • Food for the rest of the food web • Mycorrhizal fungi • Compete with plant pathogens

  20. Ectomycorrhizae

  21. Mushrooms:The fruiting body of basidiomycetes

  22. Fairy Rings

  23. Decomposition

  24. Bacteria vs. fungi Fungidominatein Forests Bacteriadominatein Grasslands& Ag Lands

  25. Mineralization and Immobilization Organisms consume other organisms and excrete inorganic wastes. Organic nutrients are stored in soil organisms and organic matter. Inorganic nutrients are usable by plants, and are mobile in soil. Organisms take up and retain nutrients as they grow.

  26. Cyanobacteria – N fixing Diatoms ALGAE Lichens (fungi+algae)

  27. PROTOZOA

  28. Flagellate

  29. Ciliate

  30. Amoebae

  31. Amoebae

  32. Soil-Dwelling “Vampires” • Amoebe eating through fungi

  33. NEMATODES

  34. NEMATODES Bacterial-feeding nematode Fungal-feeding nematode

  35. Predatory Nematodes - Root-feeding nematodes Lesion nematode Root-feedingnematode

  36. Nematode Trappers • Fungal hyphal rings constrict when a nematode swims through.

  37. ARTHROPODS

  38. Types of Arthropods • Shredders • Predators • Herbivores • Fungal-feeders

  39. Shredders Millipedes Pillbugs

  40. Mites and Biodiversity

  41. Predators (1)

  42. Predators (2):Pseudoscorpions

  43. Predators (4): Centipedes

  44. Predators (5): Scorpions

  45. Predators (6):Spiders

  46. Herbivores

  47. Springtails (fungal feeders) • Abundant in many soils. • Feed on some disease-causing fungi. • Jump by slamming their tail down.

  48. EARTHWORMS

  49. Earthworms bury litter

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