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The Foundations of Motion: Aristotle, Copernicus, and Galileo's Contributions to Science

Explore the pivotal contributions of Aristotle, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Galileo Galilei to the understanding of motion. Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, laid the groundwork with his classification of natural and violent motion. Copernicus challenged the geocentric view by proposing that Earth moves around the Sun. Galileo built upon these concepts, debunking the notion that a force is necessary to maintain an object's motion and introducing the principle of inertia. Together, these early scientists set the stage for Isaac Newton's revolutionary work.

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The Foundations of Motion: Aristotle, Copernicus, and Galileo's Contributions to Science

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  1. Newton and Early Scientists Mrs. Kiley 8th Grade Science

  2. Aristotle • Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) • The most famous philosopher, scientist, and educator of ancient Greece.

  3. Aristotle • Studied at the Academy of Plato and became the tutor of Alexander the Great. • His systematic approach of observations, classifying, and collecting became the method from which European science later arose.

  4. Aristotle • Aristotle studied motion and divided it into two types: • Natural Motion • Violent Motion

  5. Natural Motion – straight up or straight down • Like a boulder falling toward the ground • Objects would seek their natural resting place • Smoke rising • Boulders to the ground

  6. Violent Motion: imposed motion; the result of forces that pushed or pulled. • Cart pulled by a horse • Ship pushed by the force of wind • Objects in their natural resting places could not move by themselves!!

  7. In Aristotle’s time, people believed that Earth was the natural resting place for objects. • They believed the Earth did not move.

  8. Copernicus • Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) • Polish mathematician and astronomer

  9. Copernicus • Copernicus formulated the theory of the moving Earth. • The simplest way to interpret astronomical observations was to assume that Earth and the other planets move around the sun. • VERY controversial at the time. Why?

  10. Galileo • Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Mathematician who focused his studies on motion. • Agreed with Copernicus about the moving Earth.

  11. Galileo • Demolished the notion that a force is necessary to keep an object moving. • Came up with the idea of friction: • Friction is the name given to the force that acts between materials that touch as they move past each other.

  12. Friction is caused by irregularities in the surfaces of objects that are touching. • Only when friction is present is a force needed to keep an object moving. • Balls and inclined planes

  13. Galileo reasoned that it was not the nature of the ball to come to rest as Aristotle had claimed. • In the absence of friction, the moving ball would naturally keep moving. • Galileo stated that every material object resists change to its state of motion. This is called inertia.

  14. Summary • Aristotle set the groundwork for the study of motion, describing violent and natural motion. • Copernicus reasoned that the Earth moved. • Galileo agreed with Copernicus about the Earth moving. He disagreed with Aristotle that objects needed a force applied to them to continue moving. • All of this set the stage for Newton’s work.

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